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Bio Rev > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why soeciksided TRANSPORT SYSTEM NEEDED IN ANIMALS

A
  • metabolic demands so high that relying in just diffusion between cells is not enough to sustain life . Metabolic is trsndfera, if oxygen , and also transfers of water products like urea co2 etc
  • sa: v ratio available is smaller so rate of diffusion is less too between cells, wouldn’t be enough
  • mooecuked such ss hormones or enzymes msde in one place may need to be transported to another
  • profess happen in one place but need to be transported eveyrhwere, food dogested in stomach needs to go eveyrhwre
  • waste products from each and every cell need to be removed , fast before feb be todic
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2
Q

What consists of a circulatory system

A
  • they have a liaduid trsnoort system (blood)
  • vessels thst carry the trsnsport system
  • a system thwt pumps the liquid around the body

Humans have to transport not just oxygen co2 glucose but urea hormones antibodies platelets etc

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3
Q

Two thpes of circulatory system , open and closed

Open ?

A

In an open circulatory system , the blood is not always cintained in vessels , instead it flies freely into the BODY CAVITY, and only has a few vessels

The bidy cscity is called the HAEMOCEL
- the fragmented heart pumps blood into a Single MAIN ARTERY , where the blood is then one duo to travel I. The body csvity haemocel
X this then makes direct contact with cells transferring substances
- eventually the blood makes its way back to under low pressure to the heart through valves

What is transported ?
As this normally happens in insects dremembe co2 and o2 not transported by blood but rather trwdhewl system . Instead, nitrogenous wasted and food is transported to cells

Again
Open circulatory system is one that does nitnhsve many vessels, and instead blood flows through an open bidy cavity called the haemocel
Fragmented heart pumps, blood through one main vessel artery and then opens ti bidy cscity and goes ti Esch cell and eventually udner low lressure makes way back to heart through valves too

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4
Q

What is the blood in insect and what negative about open curcuslltry dudelt

A

This is cslled haemolymph

1) This does circulate but under extreme low pressure
2) but also steep concentration gradients can never be maintained d
3) At the same time amount fi blodo going into organs can’t be varied ti Meerut changing demsnds

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5
Q

Closed circus Kout sytem

A

The blood IS contained entirely in blood vessels and never comes into contact with bidy cells

  • here the blood is pumped under pressure by the heart, snd substances diffuse out if holes in vessels , and blood returns directly back to heart
  • here the amount of blood can be adjusted ti meet varying femsnds , and steep concentration gradients can be applied

Most constant a pigment in blood which allows transfer of gases

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6
Q

Open vs closed again

A

Blood transported some vessels and body cavity , comes in to contact with cells and eventually returns to heart with vslved

Blood transported entirely by blood vessels , never comes in contact with cells and returns directly ti heart , pumped st high pressures

Blood csn’t be varied, steep conc not scheievdnd snd low pressure
Can be varied is achieved and high pressure at the start

Ma lad use closed, since tooen, mammals blood will have pigment thst can transport gas too

Can be adjusted via widening snd closing if vielseitig

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7
Q

Difference between single and double circusktory sydtemd (which both happen under closed )

A

Single circulatory sytem the blood flows through heart once in every complete circulation of the body , comosref to teice in double

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8
Q

Path of ciruskrioj

A

First from heart to lungs place edhcnsge point , snd transfers co2 and o2 m and then from lungs to rest if organs snd bidy snd back to hesrt l

Bad thing = blood pressure considerably drops after this and so blood returns to heart slowly, less effiecnt cirukstion happens and limits effeicneynif echnage and thus maximum outoutnof activity for animals

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9
Q

But why are fish an exception , even though they do acrive

A

They do active so you think single circulatory sudtem not enough to match this

Yet the weight of the fish is already supported by thr water and don’t have to maintain their own temoertaure = which means metbso,if demands are already mich lower

They also have developed a very good system to get a lot of oxygen (countercurrrnt ) , meaning they can still be much more active, even with low pressures due to a ciurkstory system single

Single means blood pressures lower, so effiency of cirukstion jot ss high ss possible snd so activity maximum is lowered too

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10
Q

Flow of blood double circulatory system

A

Heart. Pumps blood to lungs, which gas exchange haooend ,and then return back to heart. Heart pumps again to rest of body organs and echnage haooend with cells, and blood flows beach to heart .

This way , as blood returns to heart, it can be pumped at a HGH PRESSURE ATHATNWILL BE MAINTIED FOR LONGER compared to if it was oumped to outne firet etc

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11
Q

Why is double good

A

Means pressures are high , and so effiency if cirukstion is good snd rate if trsndfernetc increases, which singood for naimals like birds humans who need to be active

Pressure mani tied because only goes through one set of capillaries at a time, single, goes through one to lungd and then anither one so bad

Don’t get twisted

Open ciurlstory dtyem lose lrsdur befsudenninvesdked , closed better can be varied , high oressure and

The fact double means more pressures means mire effiecnt cirukstioj , this ,send higher metbsokicdemand orf more sctifensimsls cns be met

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12
Q

Why is a diubke cirusktory system more effeicent THSN a single “
?

A
  • high pressure can be maintiened allowing organisms ti be more active and meet higher metabolic demands
  • there is a 4 chambered heart vs 2 chambered heart, but the advnsyeg of this is thst OXUGENATED BLOOD SND DEOXUGNATED BLOOD IS ALWAYS KEPT SEPRSTRE , which leads to amd I um concentration gradients
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13
Q

Why closed better than open?

A
  • amount if blood going into an organ can be varied to meet varying demands by widening or thinning of vessels
  • blood can be pumped at higher pressures and return quicker
  • concentration gradients cns be kept high as kept in vesdles
  • also blood snd bodily fluids kept separate, which means transport of blood MUCH ESSIER

blood and bodily fluids kept separate , which means blood is trsnoorted earlier

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14
Q

All vessels have

A 
Elastic fibres 
Smooth muscle 
Collagen 
Endothelium 
Lumen. In dfiferent proprtion
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15
Q

We Creme pressure , elastic fibre and collagen

If need to diskret & more smooth muscle

A

Different vessels = artery, arterielle , capplisryn, venules and veins

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16
Q

Arteire

A

Arterie carry blood away from heart to the tissues of bidy, directly off heart, they do this in insane pressures which is oxugenated except pulmonary artery

Due to high pressures contain

  • More collagen withstand pressure - so walls don’t break
  • More elastic fibres to maintain pressure , as they stretch and expand under pressure and recoil aswell, helps even pressure between surges but also maintain
  • not as much smooth muscle not need to dilate
  • small lumen for high pressure

Elastic fibre = helps even out the surges between heart contractions giving a continuous flow , but still some

17
Q

Arterioled

A

Thee link arteries ti fsplisriee and are smaller basically

  • less oressure = less collagen and less elastic fibres than before
  • but as they have roles in CONSTRICTING OR DIKATING BLOOD , to der ine whether it goes or not, they have higher proportion of smooth muscles

Constricting snd relaxing vesdles by smooth muscles is vasoconstriction and vasoldistiojn, which controls how much blood goes into caollier bed

Again less pressure mean less collagen and elastic as less surge but still high pressure so this has to be high , but smooth muscle higher

18
Q

Cappialries srructure

Adaptions ?

A

Link arteries to venules

  • lumen small so thst red blood cells cns only go in one at a time , small distance ..
  • substances exchange through walls and gals called fenostratiojs this is here Kost of substsnce transfer

Basically fesnstrations and small lumen
1) walls are a single cell thick, so diffusion distsncebetween red blood cell and cells inside is very small, and increase diffusion rate

3) sa: v , over many vspliskried the entire sa : v Is so high which allows for better diffusion
- but the total cross sectional area is greater than the arteioled suplyijg it,mehich forced oressure to slow down a bit again l this is eureka as it gives time

This time no conc

19
Q

Venules and veins

A

Carry blood back to heart, and now under low pressures

  • as a result lumen can be big to fit as much as possible
  • has valves to prevent back flow of blood
  • smooth endothelium too allows blood to psss essikyk
  • thick collagen layer

Venules smaller veins thst link to fork venules

20
Q

How do veins still allow blood to be transported bscknto heart under low pressures and sometimes against gravity too?

A

1) valfes close to stop back flow
2) many BIG VEINS RUN BETWEEN BIG SCTIFE MUSCLES , such as legs muscules, so thst when they contact it causes the blood to move towards heart, and when relax well valves already calm
3) anorher way is the action of lungs acts as a lump l the pressure changes cause the blood here in veins back to hearts
So valves , big muscles squeezes and breathe ong ss a pimp

21
Q

What is in blood and what does plasma carry

A

Blood is

  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma

Plasma is a yellow,liquid that contains

  • majority water
  • amino acids
  • hormones
  • dissolved glucose
  • ions
  • LARGE PLASMA PROTEINS ALBUMIN RESPONSBILE FOR MAINTAIJG OSMOTIC POTENIAL IN BLOOD
  • fibrinogen
  • globulins for immune system to
22
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • for oxygen to and cabrinate dioxide from cells
  • transferring hormones so they can deliver kedsgse
  • digested food from small intestine
    # nitrous waste products from cells to excretory organs (urea)
  • platelets tk rakshed area
    S- antibodies as part of immune resposje.

Also acts as a pH buffer

23
Q

Tissue fluid

1) fluid moves into tissue fluid
2) exchange
3) moves back

A

So stuff can move into the fenestrations if the capplowry walks and form “ tissue fluid “. However RED BLOOD CELLS too big and big proteins like ALBUMIN either,

This gives a constant oncotic pressure due to osmosis, of water moving in due to lowering the water ooetnisl
Albumin are plasma proteins thst means blood has a high solute concentration and thus a low water poetnisl. As a result, water will tend to move from the surrounding fluid by osmosis .
The tendency for water to move by osmosis due to this is called ONCOTIC PRESSURE ! This means there is a pressure coming into the blood from fluid

Next
However blood coming from ARTERIOLE END is still under high lreeeure from heart - this is known as HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
At this end, as the hydrostatic oressure is often higher than oncotic oressure, overall fluid moves into the surrounding tissue through wholes and makes what is knowing as TISSUE FLUID

2) now edhange if dubstances happen between cells and tissue fluid, with tissue fluid going in between spaces
3) now as the blood moves to the venous end, the situation changes .
# now hydstrostic pressure has DROPPED (why because tissue fluid as been removed decreasing pressure but also pressure falls anyways ) , but oncotic pressure CONSTANT
- thus as greater pressure upwards, and stinger , fluid moves back into the faplieries by osmosis (mostly water now ). However not all can return , only 90% of tissue fluid MAKES IT BACK TO CELLS

24
Q

Eveyrhignkesves cpaliairies except

A

Everything except red snd Albion. Even white blodo cells as multi loved nucleus means they can fit c

25
Q

Extra 10% what happens?

A

this blood drains into a system of tubes called lymph caplloisree and it is known as LYMPH.
Same domositions plasma but less oxygen and less nutrients , literally just tissue fluid after transfer
- but also contains fatty acids absorbed from small itnesntine
- lymph capillaries Joe up to form large vessels amd fluid is transported by squeezing of body muscles + valves present
- eventually all the lymph reurjdntp the blood and into the heart

So basically drains in a system of lymph vessels , which join to make larger vessels where lymp is transported through help of muscle contraction and valves. Eventually return to heart

26
Q

What are lymph nodes and lymphocytes

A

Along vessels are lump nodes , where lymphocytes (t and b) build up and produce antibodies when necessary which are passed into blood

  • also intercept bacteria and destroys using phagocytes
  • Plays good defensive role

If emlagred lymph nodes or shows body fighting off infections as many kymoocytednmskigm sntindkes

27
Q

Odems?

A

Too much blood pressure due to stress and drinking means blood pressure fies up, meaning not enough ressbibtion, even after blood too high, snd so not good, shows up in urine

28
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms oresent in an area

29
Q

Closer yiuanre to equator generally meine you have more nioeifiereity do trooicslmoe tuenkoer

A

Why shiudlnwe measure biodiversity? Well it tells scientirst of What is present and thus you can monitor to see if improve or gone down, and link this to any chsnged

30
Q

Three types of bidovieriety involfe
What is each
And what do they mean

A
  • genetic biodiversity = the variety of different genes/ alleles and characteristics absilahle
  • species biodiversity = refers to the amount of each species and the number of different ones
  • habitat biodiversity = refers to the number of different habitats found within an area. I’m general as habitats support specific species, the more the habitats to more the SPECIES biodiversity too (and in general biodiversity)
31
Q

Habitst

A

This refers to the amount of habitats, more habitats means more species so this links to species bidoviereity too

Uk has a lot of habitats so high, Antarctica one so slow

32
Q

Species biodiversity

A

This is split into :
Species richness
- this is the amount of DIFFERENT TYPE OF SPECIES IN AN AREA
Species evenness
- a comparison of the numbers between each different type of species
So if there’s two , but one has 90% and other 10% then not very even

This species bidoviereity even if it has the same number of species not necessarily the same bidovieriety species, because not even enough

It relied on bith

33
Q

Genetic bidoviereity

A

This refers to the total different variety of different type of genes that make up a species available

The more alleles available etc the higher the genetic bidoviereity

The greater the genetic biodiviersity, the better the adaptation potential it has if a selection oressure is presented and a changing environment , as the more likely an advantageous allele will be present in thr population . So this is advantage

34
Q

Hat should you do with random sampling too

A

To confirm it is not by chance , do a statiscla test

35
Q

Non random samolijt = where wahc thing diesnthave the same chance to be picked but done

A

It is dine when you
- ant to make sure all distribution has been sampled so you can make good decisions (if random corner sampled won’t tige you idea)

Can do it in three ways

1) opputuniteitc = weakest form basis and not representative but easiest to do
2) stratified = split group into strata and then PROPORTIONALLT SAMPLE (covering everything )
3) systematic = this is used for distribution , define a line and then systematically sample every 2 meters or siemthintn= this is done using a transect or a line transect

Bio Rev (12 decks)

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