Chaoter 11 Flashcards
How three ways humans worsening biodiviersity
Due to an increase in population, we need to make space and provide for this snd thid happens in three wyad
- deforestation = done for wood, space for buildings and also land for agriculture
- agriculture = increasing amount if land needed to provide for everyone, so land has cleared (reduction) and one crop planted monoculture , reduce biodiversity
Climate change = actions have add,rested thid which is leading to many effects , also pollution like dumping of fstcir , chemical pollution waterways etc still happen too
Deforestation
Can occur naturally but mostly becaude of humans
Either direct cutting or due ti acid rain which is also because of humans
- reduces number of trees= reduce biodiviersity
- if inky a specific tree is removed , also reduce soeciesdiveridty ( like rosewood for guitar inky rmeoved, stilk bsd)
- destroys habitats for animals so animal species my die as food source home etc,
- animals forced to migrate which could increase bidovierdity if neighbours but cause more competition as a whole
Human attempt to replace frosted? What problem
Good, but we often inky replace the trees commercially available to us, which still means a decrease in bidovierdity sd a whole m
But still gokd
Agriculture
1) MONOCULTURE
- farmers only grow a few specific crops after clearing huge spaces, which Greatly reduces biodiversity there , as well as potential habitats and food source for other animal , disrupting them too so two effects
2) DEFORESTATION
- clear out land ; destroying species already there and homes
3) REMOVAL OF HEDGEROWS
- this for mechanisation , so farming more effeicnt however reduces a specific habitat of animals like hedgehogs mice etc and removes corridor to get to other places
4) CHEMICALS PESTIDICES, INSECTICIDES , HERBICIDES
- kill pests reduce biodiversity but also other animal food source
- kill weeds same thing , removal of food source
So in summary - deforestation # removal of hedgerows # use of herbicides, insecticides pesticides # MONOCULTURE
Now climate change (4)
1) melting of polar ice caps: reduces biodiversity in these areas as habitats destroyed , forcing them to migrate further north , but it also allows current things to move further north too
2) melting of polar ice caps also can cause FRESH WATER LAKES TO be injected with saltwater, which can kill of specied here, and ALSO FLOOD low lying land, detdirying habitats and biodiversity here
3) higher temps and LESS RAINFALL means some species will die , leading to more drought resistant xerophyte type specied , and this cause big vhsnged in good cycles as hydrophytes begin to die and animals feeding on those die whereas animals feeding on xerophyted thrive
4) changed in insect life cycles and populations - they can move further north now due ti increase in temp , which means mkre spread of pathogens if tiroifsl
Summary 4 ways
1) melting of polar ice caps causes reduction in species there. As habitat destroy
2) but also causes increase in sea levels and could flood low lay in land , destroying biodiviersity rhere, but also introduce salt water into frehwtaerlakes destoryingther e
3) it could lead to death to some hydrophytes as temps uncreasein areas and so animals feed on this bad, more drought resistant xeroyohytes
4) insect life cycle and chscfetristic chsnge, tropical ones can carry more north now, but this bad as could spread more osthighes, whilst the plants they leave behind have a reduction in pollination
Agriculture
- monoculture
- deformation and hedgerows clesring l
- insecticides herb iced pesticide everything
Defirststion
- removal tree
- specific tree
- habitats of naunaks
- they have ti migrate
- replacing is not enough
Genetic bidovierdity devresse - founder effects - genetic bottleneck - genetic drift - nataural selection - captive breeding - rare breed resorts ti on - selective breeding - Winceease - gene flow - mutations
If climate change slow however
Some species will have time to adapt, cause change in disgrubitokn but bidovierdity nit nevsdriky lost just chnsged
Why humans do this
Increase population
Means more land for hiuses , for food , over exploitation of resoeuces (used auicjer than remade , nit sustainable), urbanisation causes elides isolation pollution too, kike ferikiser slags blooms acid rain chemicsl water
Three reasons why we should maintisjn biodiversity
Economic
Aesthetic
Ecological
Aesthetic reasons = 3)
1) improves our quality of life
- peopel like it
- artists and creatives take inspiration from it and produce work which we take pleasure in
2) studies shown that patients can recover quicker FROM STRESS and injury if surrounded with nature
Economic reasons
1) large scale biodiversity loss leads to species with potential economic befitting being EXTINCT before even discovered, for something in PRESENT and FUTURE. For example for MEDICAL AND CHEMICAL DISCOVERIES , this has been seen before such as penicillin from mould penicilukm if loss bio meant this was extinct then look at what we would be today
2) soil depletion hsppens due to MONOCUKTURE
- here the same crop takes the same nutrients and not left behind for thede to be recycled into ground . This makes ecosystem more fragile, and means it can’t support crops as good, have weakened immune system etc and fragile . This means spending more in expensive fertilisers etc when not needed which causes effects later
3) high biodiversity (genetic ) provided protection against stressful abiotic factors and disease
- when disease spread and if biodiversity nit maintained , then likely won’t have allele to survive snd sod die , thid haooened in Irish potato famine
4) useful for tourism and generating income here which can be used for good reasons
5) deforestation lesds to desertification snd soil erosion, which means less ability for country to grow crops and sustain themselves
- we need to conserve so things are still sustainable, once we reach point where we use more than we remake, it doesn’t become viable to continue this I dustry economically
Summary
1) potential for medicines
2) monickutire kesds to soil depelteion and firced expesnkve fertiliser nit good either
3) reduction bidovierdity devresses portnisl to deal with abiotic stress and diseases, such as portal famine, only two variants available both didnthave gene, if more diverse there might have been , that caused famine for so many man
4) provided a source of torusism snd generstesmkney which can be used
5) need to conserve so things still remain sustainable, else it won’t be economically worth at all to continue that industry
6) deforestation leads to deseitifsrion soil erosion reduces country ability to grow crops for themselves and have to look to other dources
Ecological reasons
- all organisms are INTERDEPENDENT ON EACH ITHER, so the removal of one species or lack of conservation will greatly affect all the others. Thus we need to conserve biodiviersity everywhere so all survive
- KEYSTOJE SPECIES
these are species that play a key role in marinating the structure of the ecosystem, a disproportionately large effect on their environment, determining Rick genes and evened , so if a keystone species is remofed then the whole environment becomes affected, might dussaoeowe wkktogher , therefore it is important we conserve all fo these too
All reasons
Aesthetic
- art quality life
- stress patient better
Economical
- help with medicine species extricate befire discovered present snd the futur
- monocukture leads to soil deletion of nutrients , need to maintain or next batch weak and more fertiliser
- deforestation = desertification = harder country grow own crops
- sustainable , conserve so it still sustainable or else not economically viable to conserve in the
- tourism
Ecological
- interdependent
- keystone species
Humans bad - agriculture - hedgerows defirststion - monuckutre - herbicide insect ice pesticide Deforestation - remove tree and - specific tree - habitats destroyed - animals need to migrate - even try rorlinish not good enough -
Climate change
- melt polar ice cap = habitat destroy
- sea level rise = lay waste to low lying land + saltwater fresh lake destroyed
- more xerophyte less hydrophyte, which affects species
- tropical insect move more north carry pathogens etc
Have humans improved ?
Yes have shsped ecosystems world wide, and like burning of certain woods oreventd it from dominating the rest of forest has saved biodiversity in a eholem, which means some tree dominate, snd it means thst now habitat is there for some animals
What is conservation
Two tyoes of conservation what is it
The name given to the preservation and careful management of the environment and natural resources
In situ = conservation within thr species natural habitats
Ex situ = conservation outside of thr species natural habitat
What do they involve
In situ
- wildlife reserves
- marine reserves
Ex situ
- botanic gardens
- seed bank
- captive breeding
