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Neurobiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasticity?

A

chemical synapses undergo changes that strengthen or weaken transmission

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2
Q

Time durations of Short Term vs Long Term?

A

Short term is minutes max, long term can be years

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3
Q

How do the different forms of short-term plasticity differ?

A

In time and mechanism

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4
Q

4 forms of short-term plasticity

A

facilitation, depression, potentiation, augmentation

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5
Q

How long does facilitation last?

A

Up to tens of milliseconds

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6
Q

How long does potentiation last?

A

seconds to minutes, sometimes passed tetanic stimulation

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7
Q

How long does augmentation last?

A

few seconds

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8
Q

Definition of facilitation

A

rapid increase of synaptic strength due to 2 or more AP invading pre within milliseconds of each other

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9
Q

Definition of depression

A

NT release declines due to sustained release of NT

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10
Q

Definition of potentiation and augmentation

A

Repeated AP in pre causes increased amount of NT released

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11
Q

Mechanism of facilitation

A

Prolonged elevation of pre calcium levels… calcium returns slowly so AP is being reached before it can leave

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12
Q

Mechanism of depression

A

Less NT available overall because time is needed to rebuild NT storage, changing calcium concentrations leads to NT release

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13
Q

What two short-term plasticity types work similarly and do what?

A

potentiation and augmentation both enhance ability of calcium to trigger exocytosis

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14
Q

Mechanism of potentiation

A

potentiation out lasts tetanic stimulation, causing excitability in cell

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15
Q

Mechanism of augmentation

A

reserving calcium to slow response

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16
Q

What does Eric Kandel study and where?

A

He studies LTP at Columbia University using sea slugs

17
Q

What is habituation?

A

process that causes animals to become less responsive to repeated stimulus

18
Q

What is sensitization?

A

process that makes animal create an aversive response to usually unharmful stimuli because harmful stimuli is now associated with unharmful, resetting any habituation in expectation of harm

19
Q

What is short term sensitization due to?

A

a PKA dependent increase in glutamate… over active pka , more calcium, more glutamate

20
Q

What is long term sensitization due to?

A

genetic changes that causes sustained PKA activity

21
Q

What is long term potetiation?

A

patterns of synaptic activity that produce long-lasting increases in synaptic strength

22
Q

More synaptic strength leads to what type of changes?

A

functional changes

23
Q

What is required for LTP information storage?

A

strong activity in the pre and post

24
Q

Long term potentiation is _______ and _______

A

specific and associative

25
Q

What is specificity?

A

LTP only affects the target neuron, not nearby ones

26
Q

What is associativity?

A

weak stimuli alone doesn’t produce LTP, but if weak is paired with strong stimuli of nearby neuron, both undergo LTP strengthening

27
Q

What happens to the mechanism during low freq stimulation in LTP?

A

NMDA receptor is blocked by magnesium, not triggering LTP

28
Q

What happens to the mechanism during high freq stimulation in LTP?

A

magnesium is expelled from NMDA, allows calcium to enter post and trigger LTP

29
Q

2 requirements for the NMDA receptor to function, what has to occur?

A

glutamate must be bound

post cell must be depolarized (low freq doesn’t achieve this)

30
Q

What does Ca2+ trigger?

A

LTP!

31
Q

How do we known Ca2+ triggers LTP?

A

calcium induces two protein kinases, CaMKII and PKC

calcium is seen at increased levels during LTP

32
Q

How does LTP structurally change the neuron and what does it cause?

A

new AMPA receptors are created, giving more surface area and increased glutamate sensitivity

33
Q

What mechanism leads up to new AMPA receptors being made?

A
  1. tetanic stim has magnesium removed, calcium in
  2. consistent PKA
  3. new receptors created and cause structural change
34
Q

What does a tetanic stimulation raise?

A

raises calcium levels

35
Q

What is Long Term Depression?

A

selective weakening of sets of neurons

36
Q

How does LTD work?

A

low freq stim for a long time depresses EPSPs and the post-synaptic neuron loses response

37
Q

Compare and contrast LTD vs LTP

A

both: require NMDA receptors, require rise of calcium in cell
LTD: small slow rise of calcium, loss of AMPA receptors
LTP: large fast rise of calcium

38
Q

How does LTD in cerebellar neurons work?

A

it focuses on two fibers
reduces strength of transmission between those fibers
associative of both fibers

39
Q

What two fibers are affected in LTD in cerebellar neurons?

A

climbing fibers & parallel fibers

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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