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Neurobiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How is ACETYLCHOLINE synthesized?

A

From acetyl coenzyme A and choline

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2
Q

How is ACETYLCHOLINE deactivated?

A

Terminated by AChE which is in the synaptic cleft

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3
Q

Two types of ACETYLCHOLINE receptors?

A

nAChR & mAChR

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4
Q

3 characteristics of nAChR?

A

Ionotropic
Large nonselective pore and generates EPSPs
Large proteins that have 5 subunits and must bind ACh to activate

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5
Q

3 characteristics of mAChr?

A

Metabotropic
K+ channels
Can cause inhibitory effect

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6
Q

How is GLUTAMATE synthesized?

A

Glial cells help create precursors

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7
Q

How is GLUTAMATE deactivated?

A

EAATs remove it from synapse through help of glial cells

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8
Q

Two types of GLUTAMATE receptors and what do they share?

A

NMDA and AMPA are both ionotropic and create EPSPs

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9
Q

NMDA receptors allow entry of which ions?

A

Ca2+, Na+, and K+

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10
Q

Mg2+ impact in NMDA receptors?

A

Blocks channel during hyper-polarization, depolarizing pushes it out of pore allowing ions to move

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11
Q

APMA receptors are what?

A

Made of multiple subunits with different domains, and is assymetrical

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12
Q

How are GABA and GLYCINE synthesized?

A

Through glucose precursor

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13
Q

How are GABA and GLYCINE deactivated?

A

Similar to glutamate, Na+ dependent co-transport

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14
Q

Types of GABA receptors

A

GABAa, GABAb, GABAc

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15
Q

How do GABAa and GABAc receptors work?

A

Ionotropic with GABA gated anion channels

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16
Q

How do GABAb receptors work?

A

Metabotropic and hyperpolarizes cell by activating K+ channels or blocking Ca2+ channels

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17
Q

How is GLYCINE synthesized?

A

From serine

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18
Q

How is GLYCINE deactivated?

A

Rapidly removed using glycine co-transporter

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19
Q

The type of GLYCINE receptors?

A

Ionotropic with ligand-gated Cl- channels

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20
Q

All 5 biogenic amines?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin

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21
Q

What is DOPAMINE responsible for?

A

Motor control and reward

22
Q

What is NOREPINEPHRINE responsible for?

A

sleep, wakefulness, and hunger

23
Q

Where is EPINEPHRINE found?

A

lower levels of brain like midbrain and brainstem

24
Q

What is HISTAMINE responsible for?

A

arousal, attention, brain blood flow

25
Q

What is SEROTONIN responsible for?

A

mood, sleep, vascular tone

26
Q

Subgroup of biogenic amines that includes 3 neurotransmitters?

A

Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

27
Q

How are all the Catecholamines synthesized?

A

All start with tyrosine which goes to DOPA which then goes to DOPAMINE, to NOREPINEPHRINE, to EPINEPHRINE
Only moves forward, need certain enzymes for each step

28
Q

How is DOPAMINE deactivated ?

A

Cleared from synapse by DAT, Na+ co-transporter

29
Q

How do DOPAMINE receptors work?

A

Metabotropic, GPCR that either activates or inhibits adenylate cyclase

30
Q

How is NOREPINEPHRINE deactivated?

A

Rapidly cleared from synapse by NET, Na+ co-transport

31
Q

How do NOREPINEPHRINE receptors work?

A

Metabotropic, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

32
Q

How is EPINEPHRINE deactivated?

A

Similar to NEpi

33
Q

How do EPINEPHRINE receptors work?

A

Metabotropic, adrenergic receptors

34
Q

How is HISTAMINE synthesized?

A

Histidine precursor

35
Q

How are biogenic amines packaged into vesicles?

A

They are loaded into vesicles by VMAT

36
Q

How do HISTAMINE receptors work?

A

3 metabotropic receptors

37
Q

How is SEROTONIN synthesized?

A

From tryptophan

38
Q

How is SEROTONIN deactivated?

A

Transported back into nerve terminals by SERT (serotonin transporters)

39
Q

How do SEROTONIN receptors work?

A

Many 5-HT receptors, most metabotropic, but 5-HT3 has ligand gated ion channels

40
Q

Excitable neurotransmitter is needed why?

A

If you don’t have enough, neurons won’t reach AP or work right

41
Q

Is SEROTONIN excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

42
Q

How are PEPTIDE NTs synthesized (3 steps)

A

Similar to peptides and proteins

  1. starts with pre-propeptide
  2. RER removes signal sequence, makes it propeptide now
  3. golgi packages propeptide into vesicles, specificity comes from enzymes in golgi
43
Q

What type of receptors do PEPTIDE NTs have?

A

metabotropic

44
Q

What do PEPTIDE NTs affect in the brain?

A

regulate basic behaviors, emotions, pain, stress

45
Q

At what levels are PEPTIDE NTs used in the body?

A

very low concentration, highly regulated

46
Q

How are Unconventional NT used in the body, why, and how?

A

neuronal signaling, released due to calcium, retrograde transport

47
Q

3 things that Unconventional NT don’t do compared to conventional

A

Not stored in vesicles
Not released from pre, NO EXOCYTOSIS
Not released at all sometimes

48
Q

Examples of unconventional NT

A

Endocannabanoids, nitric oxide

49
Q

How is NITRIC OXIDE synthesized?

A

from arginine

50
Q

How does NITRIC OXIDE work in the body?

A

Diffuse through plasma membrane affecting nearby cells and activating PKG

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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