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Community health > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemic

A

a widespread occurence of an infectious disease in a community at a specific time.

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2
Q

Endemic

A

a disease reguarly found in particular people or a certain area.

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

prevelant over a whole country or world. GLOBAL

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4
Q

Vector

A

are arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes, or other invertebrates, such as snails, that transmit the infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the host.

-Species of mosquito, for example, serve as vectors for the deadly disease Malaria.

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5
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the capacity of the agent to cause disease in the human host.

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6
Q

Toxigenicity

A

pathogens ability to release toxins that contribute to disease within the human host.

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7
Q

Virulence

A

ability of the pathogen to cause disease

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8
Q

Antigenicity

A

ability of agent to produce antibodies in the human host.

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9
Q

Carrier

A

human who is infected but has no outward signs of disease

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10
Q

Incubating carrier

A

someone who has been infected but has not yet shown signs of the disease

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11
Q

Inapparent carrier

A

someone who is infected but does not develop the disease, yet continues to shed the agent.

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12
Q

Convalescent carrier

A

a person who is infected but no longer shows signs of acute disease

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13
Q

Chronic carrier

A

remains infected with the agent with no sign of disease for a long period of time.

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Host carries antibodies to the agent in the blood

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15
Q

Cellular immunity

A

specific to each type of cell

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16
Q

Passive immunity

A

immunity has transfered from one individual to another.

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17
Q

Immunity from mother to infant is an example of what type of immunity?

A

Passive

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18
Q

Active immunity

A

acquired through exposure to the agent

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19
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

involves the transfer of antibodies and can be done in various forms

20
Q

Inherent resistance

A
  • resists disease without antibodies

- inherited or acquired

21
Q

Colonization

A
  • Infected with agent but no sign of disease
  • can spread disease
  • example: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (M R S A)
22
Q

Reservoir

A
  • where the agent resides:
  • Human
  • Animal
  • Water, food, air, or soil
23
Q

Mode of Transmission

A
  • The method through which the agent leaves its reservoir and enters its host.
  • Water
  • food
  • air
  • vectors
  • fomites - Fomite is an inanimate object.
  • unprotected sexual contact
  • penetrating trauma.
  • Vectors are usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to humans.
24
Q

Vertical transmission

A

is the passing of the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth.

25
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

is the person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following four routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vectorborne.

26
Q

Common vehicle

A

refers to transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via food, water, milk, blood, serum, saliva or plasma.

27
Q

Incubation period

A

is the time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease.

28
Q

Communicable period

A

is the interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person.

29
Q

Food infection

A
  • Salmonellosis

- Gastroenteritis

30
Q

Food intoxication

A

Botulism

31
Q

Waterborne disease outbreaks and pathogens

A

Hepatitis A
Bacillary dysentery
Cholera
Typhoid fever

32
Q

Vectorborne Diseases

A
  • West Nile – carried by mosquitoes
  • Lyme disease
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
33
Q

Diseases of Travelers

A
  • Malaria
  • Foodborne and waterborne disease
  • Diarrheal disease
34
Q

Examples of Primary Prevention for Infectious Diseases

A
  • Responsible sexual behavior
  • Malaria chemoprophylaxis
  • Tetanus boosters, flu shots
  • Rabies preexposure immunization
  • Safe food-handling practices in the home
  • Repellants for preventing vector-borne disease
  • Following childhood immunizations recommendations, and “no shots, no school” laws
  • Regulated and inspected municipal water supplies
  • Bloodborne pathogen regulations
  • Restaurant inspections
  • Federal regulations protecting American cattle from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
35
Q

Examples of Secondary Prevention for Infectious Diseases

A
  • Immunoglobulin after hepatitis A exposure
  • Immunization and chemoprophylaxis as appropriate in meningococcal outbreak
  • Rabies postexposure immunization
  • Tuberculosis screening for health care workers
  • Sexually transmitted disease (STD) partner notification
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and treatment
  • Quarantine
36
Q

Examples of Tertiary Prevention for Infectious Diseases

A
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously known as Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP) chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS
  • Regular inspection of hands and feet as well as protective footwear and gloves to avoid trauma and infection for leprosy clients who have lost sensation in those areas
37
Q

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

A
  • Determines severity of the outbreak

- Number of fatal cases divided by the number of cases

38
Q 
When reporting the identification of a communicable disease and need for investigation, which
of the following must be notified first?
A) Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
B) State health department
C) Local health department
D) National Reported Disease list
A

C
Feedback:
The local health department is the initial point of notification of a communicable disease
investigation. Each local health department or agency will investigate the specific disease. The
CDC is the federal agency that provides guidance and recommendations for each state health
department. The state health department may be the primary agency or the guiding agency for
local disease control policies. States use the National Reported Disease list as the guidance for
State reportable diseases.`

39
Q

Which of the following are appropriate communicable disease prevention interventions that may
be implemented by community health nurses? Select all that apply.
A) Immunization of children and adults
B) Disease investigation and case/contact finding
C) Diagnosing cases of communicable diseases
D) Prescribing treatment for communicable diseases
E) Environmental interventions
F) Community Education

A

A, B, E, F
Feedback:
Appropriate interventions that may be implemented by community health nurses include
immunizations of children and adults, environmental interventions, community education,
screening programs, and disease investigation and case/contact finding.

40
Q

A community health nurse is presenting a program about hepatitis prevention and risk reduction
to a local community group. The nurse determines that the group has understood the program
when they identify which method as the major mode of transmission for hepatitis B?
A) Oral-fecal route
B) Exposure to contaminated blood
C) Airborne droplet nuclei
D) Infected rodents, such as mice and rats

A

B
Feedback:
Hepatitis B can occur in certain high-risk groups, including injected drug users, heterosexuals
with multiple partners, and homosexual men. Hepatitis A is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
TB is transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. Hantavirus is transmitted via infected rodents.

41
Q

When reviewing the trends in communicable diseases for a county, the community health nurse
notes that there was an increased incidence of Lyme’s disease. The nurse develops a plan for
prevention and control integrating the understanding that this disease is most likely transmitted
by which mode?
A) Vector
B) Airborne
C) Vehicle-borne
D) Direct

A

A
Feedback:

In the United States, vector-borne illnesses have received renewed attention with accumulating
information about Lyme’s disease, transmitted to humans by a tick vector. Airborne transmission
occurs through droplet nuclei, such as sneezing or coughing. Indirect or vehicle-borne
transmission occurs when the infectious agent is transported via contaminated inanimate objects
such as air, water, or food. Direct transmission occurs via the immediate transfer of infectious
agents from a reservoir to a new susceptible host such as through touching, biting, kissing, or
sexual intercourse.

42
Q 
A community health nurse is teaching a group of clients about infection control and mentions the
role of vectors in transmitting diseases. Which of the following would be examples of some
common vectors? Select all that apply.
A) Chemicals
B) Mosquitoes
C) Salmonella
D) Fleas
E) Roaches
A

B, D, E
Feedback:
A vector is a nonhuman carrier of disease organisms that can transmit diseases directly to
humans. Examples would include mosquitoes, fleas, and roaches. Various chemicals are not
vectors and Salmonella is an infectious agent.

43
Q

Which of the following statements about modes of transmission are true? Select all that apply.
A) Direct transmission requires contact with a contaminated inanimate material.
B) Indirect transmission is also known as vehicle-borne illness.
C) Food- and water-related illnesses are considered to be spread by indirect transmission.
D) Vector transmission requires contact with a nonhuman carrier such as an animal or insect.
E) Airborne transmission commonly occurs from coughing and sneezing.

A

B, C, D, E
Feedback:
Direct transmission occurs by immediate transfer of infectious agents from a reservoir to a new
susceptible host. Indirect transmission requires contact with a contaminated inanimate material
and is also known as vehicle-borne illness. Food- and water-related illnesses are considered to be
spread by indirect transmission. Vector transmission requires contact with a nonhuman carrier
such as an animal or insect. Airborne transmission commonly occurs from coughing and
sneezing.

44
Q

Community health nurses practice within the three levels of prevention. Which of the following
would the community health nurse engage in at the primary level of prevention for
communicable disease control? Select all that apply.
A) Providing TB skin test to children entering kindergarten
B) Administering immunizations to senior citizens
C) Teaching kindergarten students to wash their hands
D) Encouraging parents to complete their children’s immunizations
E) Providing chest x-rays to people with positive TB skin tests
F) Administering prompt treatment for the symptoms of gonorrhea

A

B, C, D
Feedback:
Primary prevention interventions include administering immunizations, teaching about hand
washing, and encouraging adherence to the recommended schedule for childhood
immunizations. Providing TB skin testing and chest x-rays, and promptly treating symptoms of
gonorrhea are examples of interventions at the secondary level of prevention.

45
Q

The three main approaches to the tertiary prevention of communicable disease include which of
the following?
A) Education, immunization, and screening
B) Screening, immunization, and isolation and quarantine
C) Case and contact investigation, notification, and treatment
D) Care and treatment, isolation and quarantine, and safe handling and control of infectious
wastes

A

D
Feedback:
The three main approaches to the tertiary prevention of communicable disease include care and
treatment, isolation and quarantine, and safe handling and control of infectious wastes. The
primary prevention techniques for communicable disease include education, immunization, and
screening. The secondary prevention techniques for communicable disease include case and
contact investigation, notification, and treatment.

46
Q

A community health nurse would recommend pneumococcal vaccine for which group?
A) 1-year-old children
B) 30-year-old adults who have simple respiratory tract infections
C) Adults over age 65 who have COPD
D) Healthy adults in their 50s

A

C
Feedback:
Primary prevention includes a pneumococcal vaccine, especially for the high-risk groups, ages 2
years old and up, including those with chronic diseases, immune-suppressing health conditions,
or those who are asplenic. Reimmunization is recommended only for high-risk children, or adults
over 65 years old who had their first vaccination before age 65. The vaccine is not effective in
children younger than 2 years of age and is not recommended for the healthy population between
the ages of 2 and 65 years.

47
Q

Index Case

A

is the term that refers to the first case identified in a particular disease outbreak.

Community health (4 decks)

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