Chapter 8 Flashcards
Simply stated, planning can be defined as:
A process that attempts to link present actions to future conditions.
The dominant tradition in planning is:
Synoptic
Your police chief believes in using an objective, problem-oriented approach to planning. This approach to planning is called:
Synoptic
In this type of planning, the work plans describe specific actions to be taken by line units.
Operational plans.
Your chief has asked you to develop a plan to handle hostage situations. What type of plan is this?
Tactical
Who developed the concept of bounded rationality?
Simon
The concept of brainstorming as a function of group decision-making was initially developed to:
Help trigger creative ideas in advertising.
According to Nigro and Nigro, which of the following are common errors in decision-making?
Cognitive nearsightedness and oversimplification
The common error in decision making involves the tendency to make decisions that satisfy immediate needs:
Cognitive nearsightedness
Three basic techniques of analysis for selecting a preferred course of action are:
Strategic, cost-effectiveness, and must-wants.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective plan?
All of the following:
- Plan must be sufficiently specific
- Plan must be coordinated in its development and implementation within the police department
- Plan should contain a degree of flexibility to allow for the unforeseen
______ is not a major decision-making model?
Timeliness.
Rational, Incremental, and Heuristic ARE major decision-making models.
Which decision-making model is an antithesis to the rational model?
Heuristic
Which decision-making model is highly criticized as being too simplistic and nonscientific?
Heuristic
Which of the following is not an advantage of group decision making?
Increasing conformity.
Greater total knowledge and information, greater number of approaches to making a decision, and better comprehension of the decision are advantages to group decision making.
Standards of behavior that dictate how humans are supposed to act within the roles that they find themselves in are referred to as:
Ethics
Which ethical perspective requires that an individual consider which option would help everyone involved participate more fully in society?
The common good approach
Which error in decision-making satisfies immediate needs and brushes aside doubts of their long-range wisdom?
Cognitive nearsightedness
Name the assumptions of rational behavior
- A person has complete knowledge of all alternatives available to them.
- A person has the ability to order preferences according to their own hierarchy of values.
- A person has the ability to choose the best alternative for themselves
A plan essentially is a decision about a future course of action.
TRUE
The procedural category of plans are ordinarily included as part of a police department’s written directive system, a copy of which is assigned to every officer and is updated periodically.
TRUE
Lindblom’s incremental model asserts that decision making is serial-that it is limited by time and resources as it gripes along successive paths where means and ends are not distinct, where goals and objectives are ambiguous, and where rationality cannot consistently thrive.
TRUE
A group of police leaders may also have great “quick fixes” but their “fixes” may all be different. This can lead to more creative solutions.
TRUE
Peer pressure, whether it’s articulated or unspoken, is major force for increasing conformity.
TRUE
Brainstorming is a type of group decision making developed initially in advertising to help trigger creativity.
TRUE
_______ plans cover a variety of topics such as agency goals and allocation of resources.
Administrative
The error of _____ involves the decision maker accepting a simple, but less complete solution to a crisis.
Oversimplification
Police departments are sometimes said to be practicing “management by crisis”; in fact, it is “crisis by _____.”
Management
______ planning is based on “pure” or “objective” rationality and attempts to ensure optimal achievement of desired goals from a given situation.
Synoptic
The traditional theory of management assumes that people are motivated predominantly by ________ incentives and will, therefore, work harder given the opportunity to make more money.
Economic
Simon stresses that one’s ability to make ______ decisions is bounded by the limitation of one’s knowledge of the total organization
Rational
Lindblom stated that the decision-making process is so fragmented and so complex that _____ can have only a marginal effect.
Rationality
Gore presented a ______ model appropriately referred to as the “gut-level approach”when considering the police organization.
Heuristic
The ______ approach to ethics looks at which action is the one that will produce the greatest balance of benefits over harms.
Utilitarian
Although well-operated police agencies invest considerable effort in developing _____ plans that may seldom or never be used, their very existence stimulates confidence among field officers and lessens the likeliness of injury to officers, the public, and violators.
Tactical
