Chapter 7B Flashcards
Define Cognition
All the mental activities relating to thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.
Concept
a mental group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching to a prototype provides a quick method for sorting items into categories
The Aha! moment
A burst of right temporal lobe activity accompanies insight solutions to word problems
Algorithm
methodical procedure that guarantees solving a problem. Although not the fastest method, It is 100% guaranteed
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that helps us make judgments and solve problems . Quick but error prone
Insight
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem. (See the aha moment)
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Imaginative thinking
Creativity when seeing things in new ways or make unusual connections.
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Imaginative thinking
Creativity when seeing things in new ways or make unusual connections.
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for info that backs up a preconception and refute contradictory evidence
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental set
Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way. A way that has been successful in the past
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant info
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Overconfidence
Being more confident than correct. To over estimate the accuracy of our judgments.
Strategies for problem solving
- Break mental sets
- find a useful analogy
- represent info efficiency
- find shortcuts
- establish sub goals
- turn ill defined problems into well defined problems
belief perseverance
clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis of which they were built has been discredited
Intuition
effortless feeling contrasted with conscious reasoning
Framing
the way an issue is posed. How the issue is introduced can really affect decision and judgement
Phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound
Morpheme
The smallest unit that carries meaning can be a word or part of a word
Grammar
Rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics
Rules where we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language. Also the study of meaning
Syntax
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences for a language
Babbling stage
Begins at 4 months. Randomly utters sounds unrelated to anything
One word stage
Begins at age 1-2. child speaks mostly in single words
Two word stage
Begins at age 2. Speaks two word statements
Telegraphic stage
Speaks like a telegram ie: ‘go car’. Mostly nouns and verbs
