Chapter 7B

Question 1

Define Cognition

Answer 1

All the mental activities relating to thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

a mental group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching to a prototype provides a quick method for sorting items into categories

Question 4

The Aha! moment

Answer 4

A burst of right temporal lobe activity accompanies insight solutions to word problems

Question 5

Algorithm

Answer 5

methodical procedure that guarantees solving a problem. Although not the fastest method, It is 100% guaranteed

Question 6

Heuristic

Answer 6

a simple thinking strategy that helps us make judgments and solve problems . Quick but error prone

Question 7

Insight

Answer 7

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem. (See the aha moment)

Question 8

Creativity

Answer 8

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Question 9

Imaginative thinking

Answer 9

Creativity when seeing things in new ways or make unusual connections.

Question 10

Creativity

Answer 10

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Question 11

Imaginative thinking

Answer 11

Creativity when seeing things in new ways or make unusual connections.

Question 12

Confirmation bias

Answer 12

Tendency to search for info that backs up a preconception and refute contradictory evidence

Question 13

Fixation

Answer 13

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Question 14

Mental set

Answer 14

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way. A way that has been successful in the past

Question 15

representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant info

Question 16

Availability heuristic

Answer 16

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 17

Overconfidence

Answer 17

Being more confident than correct. To over estimate the accuracy of our judgments.

Question 18

Strategies for problem solving

Answer 18

1. Break mental sets
2. find a useful analogy
3. represent info efficiency
4. find shortcuts
5. establish sub goals
6. turn ill defined problems into well defined problems

Question 19

belief perseverance

Answer 19

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis of which they were built has been discredited

Question 20

Intuition

Answer 20

effortless feeling contrasted with conscious reasoning

Question 21

Framing

Answer 21

the way an issue is posed. How the issue is introduced can really affect decision and judgement

Question 22

Phoneme

Answer 22

the smallest distinctive sound

Question 23

Morpheme

Answer 23

The smallest unit that carries meaning can be a word or part of a word

Question 24

Grammar

Answer 24

Rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Question 25

Semantics

Answer 25

Rules where we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language. Also the study of meaning

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences for a language

Question 27

Babbling stage

Answer 27

Begins at 4 months. Randomly utters sounds unrelated to anything

Question 28

One word stage

Answer 28

Begins at age 1-2. child speaks mostly in single words

Question 29

Two word stage

Answer 29

Begins at age 2. Speaks two word statements

Question 30

Telegraphic stage

Answer 30

Speaks like a telegram ie: ‘go car’. Mostly nouns and verbs