Chapter 7A Thomas Goodroe Flashcards
- Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
- Retrieval
The process of getting info out of memory storage
- Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
- Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
- Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
- Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of info retrieved from long term memory
- Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrast with step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem-solving
- Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well learned information, such as word meanings
- Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
- Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
- Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved a massed study or practice
- Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
- Visual encoding
Encoding of picture images
- Acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound, especially sound of words
- Semantic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
- Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
- Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially for those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
- Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
- Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; attention is elsewhere, sounds in words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
- Long – term potentiation
An increase in synapses firing potential after brief, rapid simulation. Believe to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
- Flashbulb memory
Clear memory of emotional significant moment or event.
- Amnesia
The loss of memory.
- Implicit memory
Retension independent of conscious recollection
- Explicit memory
Memory and facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
- Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
- Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
- Recognition
Measure of memory in which a person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
- Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
- Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
- Deja vu
Eerie sense that I’ve experienced this before. Cues from the current situation make subconsciously chickie retrieval of an earlier experience.
- Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
- Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
- Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
- Repression
Psycho analytic theory, the basic defense mechanism in that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- Misinformation effect
Incorporating missed leaving information into one’s memory of an event
- Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, right about, or imagined. Source amnesia, along with this information at that, is at the heart of many false memories
- Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning