Chapter 7A Flashcards
Amnesia
Loss of memory
Flashbulb memory
Clear memory of an emotionally important event
Memory
Persistent learning over time through storage and retrieval
Encoding
Processing of info into memory—–>extracting a meaning
Storage
Retention of info over time
Retrieval
Retrieving memory from storage
Sensory memory
Brief/immediate recording of sensory information
Short-term memory
Activated memory; hold a few pieces of info for a brief time (either stored or forgotten)
Long-term memory
Relatively permanent/limitless storage of memory (knowledge,skills, experiences)
Working memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious active processing of sensory info/ info retrieved from long-term memory
Parallel processing
Multitasked processing of info
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info
Effortful processing
Encoding requiring effort
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of info to maintain in consciousness or memory
Spacing effect
Distributing practice=better encoded in long-term memory
Serial position effect
Tendency to best recall 1st/last items on a list
Visual encoding
Encoding of images
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of a sound (ex. 1 letter) or group of sounds (ex. A word)
Semantic encoding
Encoding an item/word’s meaning
Imagery
Metal image; powerful memory tool (esp. when combined w/ semantic encoding)
Mnemonics
Memory aids; often techniques in include imagery and organization
Chunking
Memorizing information in units
Iconic memory
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic memory
Monetary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Long-term potentiation
LTP; an increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief stimulation, believed to be neural basis for memory/learning
Implicit memory
Nondeclarative/procedural; retention independent conscious recollection
Explicit memory
Declarative; memory of fact/events that one consciously knows
Hippocampus
Neural enter located in the limbo system, helps process explicit memories for storage
Recall
A measure of memory based ability to retrieve info from storage
Recognition
Ability to identify something you’ve learned
Relearning
The difference b/t the first and second time info is learned
Priming
Activation (often unconscious) of particular associations in memory
Déjà vu
Cues from situations that trigger retrieval of earlier experience
Mood-congruent memory
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with good/bad memories
Proactive inference
Disruptive effect of prior learning when recalling new info
Retroactive inference
Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info
Repression
Psychoanalysis theory; basic defense mechanism, repression of negative or triggering memories, thoughts, or feelings
Source amnesia
Source misattribution; attributing a wrong source to an event
Source attribution+misinformation effect= creation of false memories
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information—-> memory
