Chapter 7.6 - Enzymes Flashcards
7.6.1 - State that metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Only in very few chemical changes in a cell result from a single reaction. for the most reactions within a cell they consist out of many enzymes working together and forming reaction chains to create the protein they need to. this is called a metabolic pathway.
7.6.2 - Describe the induced fit model.
This model of enzymes have a shape changing active side. It can fit several different substances.
7.6.2.1 - What is a Lock and Key Model.
The Lock and Key model is the typical enzyme model. the enzyme has a specific shape that allows the only one substance to fit into the active site. like a lock and a key.
7.6.3 - Explain that enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions that they catalyse.
Every reaction needs to reach a specific activation level to occur. Enzymes lower the activation level and so allow faster and easier reactions to occur.
7.6.3.1 - How do enzymes lower the activation level?
All reactions need collisions between molecules to occur. Stronger molecules need stronger collisions to break their bound. To do so this will need more energy. Enzymes will separate these stronger substances into smaller ones, which will then need only small energy to make a reaction occur.
7.6.4.1 - Explain competive inhibitors
Competive Inhibitors are substances similar to the Substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme, but when it binds to the enzyme it will only prevent the enzyme to bind other substances for a short time. the amount distribution between the substance and the inhibtor is important and influences the reaction rate.
7.6.4.2 - Give an example for a competive inhibitor
Prontosil is an antibiotic that binds with the enzyme that makes folic acid and thereby kills the bacteria.
7.6.4.3 - Explain non-competive inhibors
The non-competive inhibitor binds to the enzyme (not the active site) and changes the shape of the enzyme. Therefore the substance can not bind with the enzyme anymore. Adding more substance will have no effect on the reaction rate.
7.6.4.4 - Give a example of a non-competive inhibitor
Cyanide can attach itself to an enzyme, which is an important part of the electron transport chain, and will deform it so that the cellular respiration will not be able occur. this can lead to death.
7.6.5.1 - What is Allostery
Allostery is a special kind of non-competive inhibiton. Allosteric Enzyme are regulated with a specific compound which are not their substance. they bind not at the active site.
Allosteric enzymes will work faster when one compound links to it, but a different compound will make them work slower. They are called Allosteric activators and inhibitors.
7.6.5.2 - What is end product inhibition?
End product inhibition is when at the end of a metabolic pathway a substance is created that can act as an allosteric inhibitor. Those then can influence the metabolic pathway and may change the end product.
