Chapter 7.2 Flashcards
language acquisition device
a biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammer
babbling
the production of repetitive symbols, a characteristic of the early stage of language acquisition
grammer
the rules of language
telegraphic speech
short, simple sentences of nouns and verbs without the use of articles, tenses, plurals, etc.
morpheme
a meaningful unit of language that makes up words; some are whole words (read), others are a combination of units (“read” and “ing”)
cognitive development
the global term for development of thought processes from childhood through adulthood
stage theory
an explanation of development that emphasizes distinctive or rather abrupt changes
schema
in Piaget’s theory, a mental structure or program that guides a person’s thoughts
assimilation
a mental process that incorporates new information into existing schemas
accommodation
a mental process that modifies schemas in order to include new information
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the first stage in which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
sensorimotor intelligence
Piaget’s term for the infants approach to the world, relying on relatively simple motor responses
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists outside of personal awareness
goal-directed behavior
an ability that emerges during the sensorimotor period in which infants develop the ability to keep a single goal in mind and pursue it
mental representation
the ability to form internal images of objects and events
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the second stage marked by well-developed representation and the use of language
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, stage 2, the inability to realize that there are other viewpoints besides one’s own
animistic thinking
in Piaget’s theory, stage 2, believing that inanimate objects have life and mental ability
irreversibility
in Piaget’s theory, stage 2, the inability to think through an operation and then reverse the steps
centration
in Piaget’s theory, stage 2, the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, third stage, when a child understands conservation but is still incapable of abstract thought
conservation
in Piaget’s theory, stage 3, the understanding that the physical properties of an object doesn’t change when the appearance changes but nothing is added or taken away
mental operation
solving problems by manipulating an image in our mind
theory of mind
an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by belief, desires, or emotions that differ from one’s own
wave metaphor
a way of conceptualizing cognitive development as occurring more gradually in waves than in abrupt changes
scaffolding
a teaching strategy that emphasizes the role of others in helping provide support for a person’s learning
temperment
an individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction
socialization
the lifelong process of shaping an individual to conform to what is desirable in a particular society
authoritarian parent
a parenting style characterized by conformity and obedience with little tolerance and a penchant for punishment
authoritative parent
a parenting style characterized by high expectations with consequences but high standards of warmth and respect for the child’s views
permissive parent
a parenting style characterized by setting few rules and allowing children to make their own decisions/mistakes, while being caring and communicative
uninvolved parent
a parenting style characterized by indifference and rejection, sometimes to the point of neglect or abuse
autonomy
a sense of independence as opposed to self-doubt
initiative
being proactive instead of being reactive/not measuring up to expectations
industry
sense of confidence
