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Biology > Chapter 7.1-7.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7.1-7.2 Flashcards

0
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

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3
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Brings amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined together to form proteins

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4
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
Helps form ribosomes, where the proteins are assembled
Anticodon

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5
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm

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6
Q

DNA

A

Contains genes, instructions for all of the proteins that your body makes
Found in chromosomes

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7
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA > RNA > protein

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8
Q

RNA

A

Carries information of DNA to ribosome and helps assemble the proteins

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9
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

Concentrations of four bases differ in different species, yet adenine = thymine and guanine = cytosine

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10
Q

What are the four bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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11
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double helix

Two polynucleotide chains

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12
Q

Who are given credit for discovering structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

What does the polynucleotide chain consist of

A

A sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen containing base (a,t,g,c)

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14
Q

How are the two polynucleotide chains held together in DNA

A

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds between A-T, and G-C

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15
Q

DNA replication

A

Process in which DNA is copied
Occurs during S (synthesis) phase
Enzyme breaks bonds between two polynucleotide chains of parent molecule
Other enzyme pairs new, complementary nucleotide with those in the two parental chains
Two daughter DNA molecules form, each containing one new chain

16
Q

RNA vs. DNA

A

RNA- smaller, one nucleotide chain, contains uracil (U) instead of thymine, contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

17
Q

Where are proteins made

A

On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

18
Q

Who first concluded that DNA is the genetic material in cells

A

Oswald Avery

19
Q

Who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

A

Hershey and Chase

20
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The process in which cells make proteins
Transcription-nucleus
Translation-ribosome

21
Q

Transcription

A

DNA > RNA
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

22
Q

Initiation (Transciption step 1)

A

Enzyme polymerase binds to region of gene called promoter
This signals DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases in one of the DNA strands
The enzyme is ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases

23
Q

Elongation (Transcription step 2)

A

Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

24
Q

Termination (Transcription step 3)

A

mRNA strand is complete and it detaches from the DNA

25
Q

Triplet

A

Group of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA

26
Q

Codon

A

Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that corresponds with the triplet

27
Q

Why process mRNA more before it leaves the nucleus in eukaryotes?

A

It allows a single gene to be used to make more than one protein

28
Q

Splicing

A

Removes introns from mRNA
Introns are regions that don’t code for proteins
Then it consists of only exrons, which are regions that do code for proteins

29
Q

Editing

A

Changes some of the nucleotides in mRNA

30
Q

Polyadenylation

A 
Adds a "tail" to the mRNA
Tail consists of string of adenine bases
Signals end if mRNA
Involved in exporting mRNA from nucleus
Protects mRNA from enzymes that might make it break down
31
Q

Genetic Code

A

Consists of bases A,T,G,C
Letters grouped to form codons
Each codon stands for one amino acid/stop/start
20 common amino acids, 64 possible codons

32
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG
UGA
UAA

33
Q

Start codon

A

Aug- methionine

34
Q

Characteristics of genetic code

A

Universal-all living things have same genetic code
Unambiguous-each codon codes for just one amino acid/start/stop
Redundant-most amino acids are coded by more than one codon

35
Q

Translation

A

RNA > Protein
mRNA moves to ribosomes high reads sequence, tRNA brings corresponding amino acids
Bonds form between amino acids, forming polypeptide chain, which keeps growing until a stop codon is reached
May assume folded shape, bond with other polypeptides or molecules, and many go to Golgi apparatus to be modified for specific job they will do

Biology (4 decks)

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