Chapter 7.1-7.2

Question 0

What does RNA stand for

Answer 0

Ribonucleic acid

Question 1

What does DNA stand for

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

Types of RNA

Answer 2

Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

Question 3

tRNA

Answer 3

Transfer RNA

Brings amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined together to form proteins

Question 4

rRNA

Answer 4

Ribosomal RNA
Helps form ribosomes, where the proteins are assembled
Anticodon

Question 5

mRNA

Answer 5

Messenger RNA

Copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

Contains genes, instructions for all of the proteins that your body makes
Found in chromosomes

Question 7

Central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 7

DNA > RNA > protein

Question 8

RNA

Answer 8

Carries information of DNA to ribosome and helps assemble the proteins

Question 9

Chargaff’s rules

Answer 9

Concentrations of four bases differ in different species, yet adenine = thymine and guanine = cytosine

Question 10

What are the four bases

Answer 10

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Question 11

Structure of DNA

Answer 11

Double helix

Two polynucleotide chains

Question 12

Who are given credit for discovering structure of DNA

Answer 12

Watson and Crick

Question 13

What does the polynucleotide chain consist of

Answer 13

A sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen containing base (a,t,g,c)

Question 14

How are the two polynucleotide chains held together in DNA

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds between A-T, and G-C

Question 15

DNA replication

Answer 15

Process in which DNA is copied
Occurs during S (synthesis) phase
Enzyme breaks bonds between two polynucleotide chains of parent molecule
Other enzyme pairs new, complementary nucleotide with those in the two parental chains
Two daughter DNA molecules form, each containing one new chain

Question 16

RNA vs. DNA

Answer 16

RNA- smaller, one nucleotide chain, contains uracil (U) instead of thymine, contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

Question 17

Where are proteins made

Answer 17

On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 18

Who first concluded that DNA is the genetic material in cells

Answer 18

Oswald Avery

Question 19

Who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

Answer 19

Hershey and Chase

Question 20

Protein synthesis

Answer 20

The process in which cells make proteins
Transcription-nucleus
Translation-ribosome

Question 21

Transcription

Answer 21

DNA > RNA
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 22

Initiation (Transciption step 1)

Answer 22

Enzyme polymerase binds to region of gene called promoter
This signals DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases in one of the DNA strands
The enzyme is ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases

Question 23

Elongation (Transcription step 2)

Answer 23

Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

Question 24

Termination (Transcription step 3)

Answer 24

mRNA strand is complete and it detaches from the DNA

Question 25

Triplet

Answer 25

Group of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA

Question 26

Codon

Answer 26

Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that corresponds with the triplet

Question 27

Why process mRNA more before it leaves the nucleus in eukaryotes?

Answer 27

It allows a single gene to be used to make more than one protein

Question 28

Splicing

Answer 28

Removes introns from mRNA Introns are regions that don't code for proteins Then it consists of only exrons, which are regions that do code for proteins

Question 29

Editing

Answer 29

Changes some of the nucleotides in mRNA

Question 30

Polyadenylation

Answer 30

``` Adds a "tail" to the mRNA Tail consists of string of adenine bases Signals end if mRNA Involved in exporting mRNA from nucleus Protects mRNA from enzymes that might make it break down ```

Question 31

Genetic Code

Answer 31

Consists of bases A,T,G,C Letters grouped to form codons Each codon stands for one amino acid/stop/start 20 common amino acids, 64 possible codons

Question 32

Stop codons

Answer 32

UAG UGA UAA

Question 33

Start codon

Answer 33

Aug- methionine

Question 34

Characteristics of genetic code

Answer 34

Universal-all living things have same genetic code Unambiguous-each codon codes for just one amino acid/start/stop Redundant-most amino acids are coded by more than one codon

Question 35

Translation

Answer 35

RNA > Protein mRNA moves to ribosomes high reads sequence, tRNA brings corresponding amino acids Bonds form between amino acids, forming polypeptide chain, which keeps growing until a stop codon is reached May assume folded shape, bond with other polypeptides or molecules, and many go to Golgi apparatus to be modified for specific job they will do