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Geography > Chapter 7 WA1 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 WA1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cities?

A

A defined urban area within a country

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2
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a city?

A
  1. Large population size
  2. High population density
  3. Built-up area
  4. Range of functions
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3
Q

How do countries around the world identify their cities?

A

They use different guidelines.

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4
Q

What is population density?

A

It is a measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land.

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5
Q

What is the formula of population density?

A

Number of people living in an area divided by the land area.

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6
Q

What does being a built-up area mean?

A
  • Land surface is mostly covered by buildings. It is mainly about cleanliness and transport.
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7
Q

What is extensive infrastructure?

A

It is a system of buildings and equipment to provide basic services for its residents.

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8
Q

What are some examples of basic services?

A

Water, electricity, sanitation, telecommunications and transport.

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9
Q

What are some categories of buildings or activities included in a built-up areas?

A

Nature, recreational and commercial

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10
Q

What administrative function does Jakarta have?

A

It is where the office of the President and the highest court of law are located.

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11
Q

What range of functions does Jakarta have?

A
  1. Administrative functions
  2. Economic function
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12
Q

What are some categories of range of functions or activities?

A
  1. Administrative functions
  2. Commercial activities
  3. Educational activities
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13
Q

What economic functions does Jakarta have?

A

It has many manufacturing industries that produce and sell a variety of products.

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14
Q

Compared to cities, what are the characteristics of rural areas?

A
  1. Lower population size
  2. Lower population density
  3. Less built-up
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15
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

It is when people move from rural areas to urban areas.

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16
Q

Who are migrants?

A

People who originally came from another location in their country before coming to the city.

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17
Q

What are push factors?

A

Reasons that make migrants want to leave their place of origin.

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18
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Reasons that attract migrants towards a destination.

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19
Q

How do the rural farmers supply the cities with food?

A

They have enough land space to rear animals and grow crops to sell them at markets in the cities.

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20
Q

How do cities rely on rural areas?

A

Rely on them for food supply as they have limited space for agricultural activities.

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21
Q

How do the rural farmers benefit from supplying the city with food?

A

They exchange their food products for money, which becomes their income.

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22
Q

How do rural areas rely on cities?

A

Rural inhabitants can benefit from amenities available in cities.

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23
Q

What are some examples of amenities that rural inhabitants can benefit from?

A
  1. Can travel to a hospital in city for expert medical help and advanced treatment, which might not be available where they live.
  2. They can buy certain goods that are only available in cities.
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24
Q

What opportunities are there for people in the city?

A
  1. Education and employment
  2. Technological innovation.
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25
Q

What does education enable people to gain?

A

It enables people to gain useful knowledge and skills.

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26
Q

What can you do with education when you gain employment?

A

People can apply what they have learnt when they gain employment, where they are engaged in paid work.

27
Q

What can people do with their salary?

A

They can purchase food and other necessities to improve their well-being.

28
Q

Why are cities home to a variety of educational institutions?

A
  1. Cities have a large population of children and young people of school-going age.
  2. Adults who wish to pursue lifelong learning.
29
Q

What do the variety of educational institutions cater to?

A

They cater to different interests.

30
Q

Why do businesses thrive in cities?

A
  1. Developed infrastructure
  2. Availability of services
  3. Opportunities
31
Q

How do businesses benefit from the concentration of educational institutions in cities?

A

They can hire directly from a large pool of skilled employees.

32
Q

What do employees do in work-study arrangements?

A

They spend time working in a company while receiving training.

33
Q

What is technological innovation?

A

It is the use of scientific knowledge to create new products or services.

34
Q

Why are cities known for technological innovation?

A

There are many skilled people living in cities, such as researchers, designers and entrepreneurs.

35
Q

How does the government and investors assist those skilled people?

A

They fund them to experiment with new ideas.

36
Q

What are the 5 ways to make Singapore cooler?

A

Shading, transport, vegetation, building facades, water bodies and features.

37
Q

What are the components under shading? Provide a reason for these components.

A

Apart from trees, sheltered bus stops and covered walkways are installed to provide shade and shield from the rain.

38
Q

What are the components under transport? Provide a reason for these components.

A

Use of public transport, cycling and walking help to reduce heat production from the transport sector.

39
Q

What are the components under vegetation? Provide a reason for these components.

A

Greenery prevents sunlight from heating up buildings.

40
Q

What are the components under ‘building facades’ ? Provide a reason for these components.

A

Light-coloured surfaces on buildings help reflect sunlight to reduce heat absorption

41
Q

What are the components under water bodies and features? Provide a reason for these components.

A

Ponds and pools in the design of urban spaces help to prevent overheating.

42
Q

What is the cause of rising average temperatures in Singapore?

A

Increased concentration of carbon emissions from fossil fuels.

43
Q

What challenges do people in cities face?

A
  1. Increased environmental pollution
  2. Water pollution
  3. Air pollution
  4. Competition for natural resources
  5. Land resource
  6. Water resource
44
Q

Why are fossil fuels the leading cause of environmental pollution?

A

When fossil fuels are burnt, ontaminants are produced and released into the physical environment

45
Q

Why do cities face increased environmental pollution?

A

Large amounts of fossil fuels are being consumed in cities everyday.

46
Q

What cause large amounts of fossil fuels to be consumed in the cities everyday?

A

Due to the high concentration of people, businesses and transport networks.

47
Q

How are water supplies in cities often polluted?

A
  1. Improper management of household waste
  2. Improper management of Industrial waste due to inadequate or broken sewage systems.
  3. Absence of sanitation facilities
48
Q

What happens when waste is directly disposed of or leaked into waterways?

A

Water quality is reduced. Pollution threatens human health and aquatic life.

49
Q

What may happen if people come into contact or consume the polluted water?

A

They may develop skin infections or have gastrointestinal diseases.

50
Q

Why do most urban populations face air pollution? ( 3 reasons)

A
  1. Use of coal to generate electricity
  2. High volume of vehicular traffic
  3. Emission from factories
51
Q

What may prolonged exposure to air pollution lead to?

A
  1. Respiratory infection
  2. Lung cancer
  3. Heart disease
  4. Death
52
Q

What would poor health eventually cause? (healthcare)

A

It would lead to increased demand for healthcare services

53
Q

Why is there competition for natural resources in cities?

A

Because cities grow with an increasing number of people making their homes there.

54
Q

What is needed for the increasing number of people making their homes in cities?

A

Large amounts of natural resources are needed.

55
Q

When does competition for natural resources occur?

A

When there is high demand by cities for the limited amount of natural resources.

56
Q

Why are large amounts of natural resources needed?

A

To build infrastructure and supply materials for industrial use.

57
Q

Why do cities need a lot of land?

A

To accommodate their large and growing populations for different purposes.

58
Q

What happens if the land area of the current city is insufficient?

A

Cities may expand towards rural areas, replacing forests and farmlands or levelling hills.

59
Q

Why do cities need to ensure the continual supply of clean water?

A

To meet the needs of people and businesses

60
Q

Why is water resource compromised by competition for land?

A

It limits the construction or expansion of reservoirs.

61
Q

How are water catchment areas and groundwater affected?

A

More natural vegetation is converted to concrete surfaces.

62
Q

What do environmental challenges refer to?

A

Air, water or land pollution.

63
Q

What is the difference between range of functions and built-up area?

A

ROF: Different facilities and amenities, land use
BUA: Infrastructure that meets basic needs.

64
Q

What is the unit of population density?

A

people per km square

Geography (3 decks)

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