Chapter 7: Training and Development Flashcards
What is the difference between training and development in terms of scope?
Training is more narrowly focused and oriented toward short term performance concerns
Development is oriented more toward broadening an individual’s skills for future responsibilities
What is a chief learning officer?
A high ranking manager directly responsible for fostering employee learning and development within the firm
What are the phases of creating a training program?
- Conduct the needs assessment
- Design the training program
- Implement the training program
- Evaluate the training program
What are the 3 parts of a needs assessment?
- Organization analysis
- Task analysis
- Person analysis
What is organization analysis?
Examination of the environment, strategies, and resources of the organization to determine where training emphasis should be placed
What is a task analysis?
The process of detrrming what the content of a training program should be based on a study of the tasks and duties involved on the job
What is competency assessment?
Analysis of the sets of skills and knowledge needed for decision oriented and knowledge intensive jobs
What is person analysis?
Determination of the specific individuals who need training
What are the steps involved in designing a training program?
Developing instructional objectives, assessing the readiness and motivation of trainees, incorporating the principles of learning
What is expectancy in expectancy theory?
The link between effort and performance. The employee feels that if they put in an effort they will be able to perform.
What is instrumentality in expectancy theory?
The link between performance and rewards. Employees determine how transparent the path is between performance and reward, their trust in the individual offering the reward, and how transparent the process is in deciding who gets rewarded
What is valence in expectancy theory?
The link between rewards and personal goals. How much the employee values the reward being offered
What is experiential learning?
The process of learning by doing, reflecting on it, critically analyzing it, and applying it in new situations or settings.
What does the principle of distributed learning say?
Spacing out training will result in faster learning and longer retention
What is the theory behind behaviour modification?
Says that behaviour that is rewarded or positively reinforced will be exhibited more frequently whereas behavior that is penalized or unrewarded will decrease in frequency
What are spot rewards?
Programs that reward emoyees when they do something particularly well in training or on the job
What are the characteristics of a good instructor?
One who shows effort, instructional preparation, knowledge of the subject, enthusiasm, sincerity, interest in trainees, and willingness to provide individual assistance
What type of material is best suited for lecture, classroom, or online instruction?
Material that is mostly factual or designed to create a shift in employee attitudes
What type of training is best suited for on the job training?
Training that involves large behavioral or skill components
What is on-the-job training?
A method by which employees are given hands on experience with instructions from their supervisor or other trainer
What is apprenticeship training?
A system of training where a worker entering the skilled trades is given thorough instruction an experience both on and off the job in practical and theoretical aspects of the work
What is “special assignments”?
Assigning trainees to different jobs in different areas of a firm often in different regions and countries. Provides trainees with a variety of hands on work experience
What is cooperative training?
A training programs that combines practical on-the-job experience with formal education classes
When are simulations used in training?
When it is impractical or unwise to train employees on actual equipment used on the job
What is a learning management system?
An online system that provides a variety of assessment, communication, teaching, and learning opportunities
What is just-in-time training?
Training delivered to trainees when and where they need it to do their jobs usually via computer or the internet
What is behaviour modelling?
An approach that demonstrates desired behaviours and gives trainees the chance to practise and role play those behaviours and receive feedback
How can role playing be useful in training?
It can bring realism and insight into dilemmas and experiences that otherwise might not be shared
What are the 4 basic criteria to evaluate training?
Reactions, learning, behaviour, and results or return in investment
What reactions are we looking at when assessing a training program?
Whether trainees enjoyed the training, what content and techniques they found useful, critique of instructors, suggestions for how to improve the training
How do we assess learning when evaluating a training program?
Testing the knowledge and skills of trainees before and after training
What is the purpose of looking at behaviour when assessing a training program?
To see if the training transferred to what is done on the job as much of what is learned never gets used
How do we measure the return on investment for training?
ROI=benefits of training / training costs
What is benchmarking?
Comparing data and statistics from your operations against those of recognized leaders in your industry
