Chapter 7: Training and Development

Question 1

What is the difference between training and development in terms of scope?

Answer 1

Training is more narrowly focused and oriented toward short term performance concerns
Development is oriented more toward broadening an individual’s skills for future responsibilities

Question 2

What is a chief learning officer?

Answer 2

A high ranking manager directly responsible for fostering employee learning and development within the firm

Question 3

What are the phases of creating a training program?

Answer 3

1. Conduct the needs assessment
2. Design the training program
3. Implement the training program
4. Evaluate the training program

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of a needs assessment?

Answer 4

1. Organization analysis
2. Task analysis
3. Person analysis

Question 5

What is organization analysis?

Answer 5

Examination of the environment, strategies, and resources of the organization to determine where training emphasis should be placed

Question 6

What is a task analysis?

Answer 6

The process of detrrming what the content of a training program should be based on a study of the tasks and duties involved on the job

Question 7

What is competency assessment?

Answer 7

Analysis of the sets of skills and knowledge needed for decision oriented and knowledge intensive jobs

Question 8

What is person analysis?

Answer 8

Determination of the specific individuals who need training

Question 9

What are the steps involved in designing a training program?

Answer 9

Developing instructional objectives, assessing the readiness and motivation of trainees, incorporating the principles of learning

Question 10

What is expectancy in expectancy theory?

Answer 10

The link between effort and performance. The employee feels that if they put in an effort they will be able to perform.

Question 11

What is instrumentality in expectancy theory?

Answer 11

The link between performance and rewards. Employees determine how transparent the path is between performance and reward, their trust in the individual offering the reward, and how transparent the process is in deciding who gets rewarded

Question 12

What is valence in expectancy theory?

Answer 12

The link between rewards and personal goals. How much the employee values the reward being offered

Question 13

What is experiential learning?

Answer 13

The process of learning by doing, reflecting on it, critically analyzing it, and applying it in new situations or settings.

Question 14

What does the principle of distributed learning say?

Answer 14

Spacing out training will result in faster learning and longer retention

Question 15

What is the theory behind behaviour modification?

Answer 15

Says that behaviour that is rewarded or positively reinforced will be exhibited more frequently whereas behavior that is penalized or unrewarded will decrease in frequency

Question 16

What are spot rewards?

Answer 16

Programs that reward emoyees when they do something particularly well in training or on the job

Question 17

What are the characteristics of a good instructor?

Answer 17

One who shows effort, instructional preparation, knowledge of the subject, enthusiasm, sincerity, interest in trainees, and willingness to provide individual assistance

Question 18

What type of material is best suited for lecture, classroom, or online instruction?

Answer 18

Material that is mostly factual or designed to create a shift in employee attitudes

Question 19

What type of training is best suited for on the job training?

Answer 19

Training that involves large behavioral or skill components

Question 20

What is on-the-job training?

Answer 20

A method by which employees are given hands on experience with instructions from their supervisor or other trainer

Question 21

What is apprenticeship training?

Answer 21

A system of training where a worker entering the skilled trades is given thorough instruction an experience both on and off the job in practical and theoretical aspects of the work

Question 22

What is “special assignments”?

Answer 22

Assigning trainees to different jobs in different areas of a firm often in different regions and countries. Provides trainees with a variety of hands on work experience

Question 23

What is cooperative training?

Answer 23

A training programs that combines practical on-the-job experience with formal education classes

Question 24

When are simulations used in training?

Answer 24

When it is impractical or unwise to train employees on actual equipment used on the job

Question 25

What is a learning management system?

Answer 25

An online system that provides a variety of assessment, communication, teaching, and learning opportunities

Question 26

What is just-in-time training?

Answer 26

Training delivered to trainees when and where they need it to do their jobs usually via computer or the internet

Question 27

What is behaviour modelling?

Answer 27

An approach that demonstrates desired behaviours and gives trainees the chance to practise and role play those behaviours and receive feedback

Question 28

How can role playing be useful in training?

Answer 28

It can bring realism and insight into dilemmas and experiences that otherwise might not be shared

Question 29

What are the 4 basic criteria to evaluate training?

Answer 29

Reactions, learning, behaviour, and results or return in investment

Question 30

What reactions are we looking at when assessing a training program?

Answer 30

Whether trainees enjoyed the training, what content and techniques they found useful, critique of instructors, suggestions for how to improve the training

Question 31

How do we assess learning when evaluating a training program?

Answer 31

Testing the knowledge and skills of trainees before and after training

Question 32

What is the purpose of looking at behaviour when assessing a training program?

Answer 32

To see if the training transferred to what is done on the job as much of what is learned never gets used

Question 33

How do we measure the return on investment for training?

Answer 33

ROI=benefits of training / training costs

Question 34

What is benchmarking?

Answer 34

Comparing data and statistics from your operations against those of recognized leaders in your industry