Chapter 7: The Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards by Jada Collins

Also known as rostral, the front surface, pointing to the nostril/front of brain

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Also known as caudal, the back surface, pointing to the back of the brain

Posterior

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Also known as Dorsal, top of the brain

Superior

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Also known as Ventral, bottom on the brain

Inferior

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Close to the mid-line

Medial

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On the sides of the mid-line/ far from the mid-line

Lateral

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Top of the spine, pointing towards the brain

Rostral/Superior

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Bottom of the spine, pointing towards lower body

Caudal/Inferior

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the front surface of the spine, pointing to the belly

Ventral

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the back surface of the spine, pointing to the back

Dorsal

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an imaginary plane dividing the brain into dorsal and ventral parts (top and bottom halves.

Horizontal Plane

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a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.

Sagittal Plane

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an imaginary plane dividing the brain into anterior and posterior parts (front and back halves.

Coronal Plane

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one side

Unilateral

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Both sides

Bilateral

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same side

Ipsilateral

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opposite sides

Contralateral

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towards the CNS (sensory)

Afferent

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away from CNS (motor)

Efferent

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attached to the brain stem, holds sensory and motor information; Has grey matter, dorsal & ventral horns, dorsal root, ventral root, and the dorsal root ganglia

Spinal cord

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Contains somas of sensory neurons, in the spinal cord

Dorsal Root ganglia

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Big flat horns in the spinal cord that has efferents (motor)

Ventral Root

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Tiny horns in the spinal cord that has afferents (sensory)

Dorsal Root

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Nervous system outside the
brain and spinal cord; has a somatic and autonomic divisions

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Has sensory and motor subdivisions; innervates skin, joints, muscles

Somatic nervous system

Has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

Automatic nervous system

“Rest and digest” * dominates when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use. *Increases salivation, digestion, and storage of glucose and other nutrients, slows heart rate, decreases respiration

Parasympathetic System

Fight-or-flight” * dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion; the “fight or-flight” system. * Increases heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates secretion of adrenaline, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

Sympathetic System

Three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Meninges; 1) Dura mater 2) Arachnoid membrane 3) Pia mater

Between the arachnoid and pia; contains CSF and blood vessels

Subarachnoid space

* sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space (csf mixes with blood) * Symptoms include sudden, severe headache, usually with loss or impairment of consciousness. * frequently a sign of a ruptured aneurysm

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

* trauma damages tiny veins within the meninges * Blood accumulates rapidly, causing pressure to rise within the brain * Results in loss of consciousness, paralysis or death

Subdural Hematoma

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled caverns and canals inside brain

Ventricles

3 germ cell layers of an embryo in CNS development

1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm 3) Mesoderm

germ cell layer made of the nervous system and skin

Ectoderm

germ cell layer made of the lining of internal organs

Endoderm

germ cell layer made of bones and muscles

Mesoderm

Process by which neural plate becomes the neural tube

Neurulation

How does the CNS develop?

begins as an embryo (aka neural plate), folds into a neural tube, then the tube pinches off on either side becoming either a neural crest or stays a neural tube.

Neural tube becomes the ________.

CNS

Neural crest comes the _________.

PNS

Failure of anterior tube to close lead to.....

Anencephaly

Failure of posterior tube to close lead to.....

Spina bifida

What increases the incidence of neural tube defects?

Folic Acid Deficiency

also known as the forebrain

Prosencephalon

also known as the midbrain

Mesencephalon

also known as the hindbrain

Rhombencephalon

What does the forebrain differentiate into?

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Deals with the thalamus and hypothalamus

Diencephalon

Deals with the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus).

Telencephalon

Seat of perception, cognition, consciousness, voluntary action

Cerebral cortex

responsible for motor control/ Voluntary movement, Procedural memory

Basal Ganglia

Controls emotion (anger)

Amygdala

Controls memory

Hippocampus

- Gateway to the cortex” - A relay for most sensory information from periphery.

Thalamus

- Regulates: body temperature, salt-water balance, hunger, thirst, energy metabolism, reproductive behaviors, and emotional responses - Mediates circadian rhythms (SCN)

Hypothalamus

Contains axons descending from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord

Descending Axons

Information conduit from spinal cord and brainstem to forebrain

Ascending Axons

What does the midbrain differentiate into?

Tectum, Tegmentum, Cerebral aqueduct

What does the tectum differentiate into?

Superior and inferior colliculus

receives sensory info from eye; part of the tectum

superior colliculus

receives sensory info from ear; part of the tectum

Inferior colliculus

What does the tegmentum differentiate into?

Substantia nigra, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray

A black substance that contains cell bodies of DA neurons and it projects to striatum

Substantia nigra

The Rubrospinal tract

red nucleus

Rich in opioid receptors and is Important in pain modulation

Periaqueductal gray

What does the hindbrain differentiate into?

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

What structure(s) are apart of the rostral hindbrain?

cerebellum and pons

also known as the rostral hindbrain

metencephalon

What structure(s) are apart of the caudal hindbrain?

medulla

also known as the caudal hindbrain

myelencephalon

- Receives info from the pons (relayed from cortex) specifying the goals of movements - primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement.

cerebellum

regulates heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting

medulla

- links your brain to your spinal cord. - - handles all of your unconscious movements and processes. - Stores 90% of descending axons from cortex synapse

pons

Lateral ventricles is in the....

Telencephalon

3rd ventricle is in the....

diencephalon

Cerebral aqueduct is in the....

midbrain

4th ventricle is in the....

hindbrain

Central canal is in the....

spinal cord