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Neuroscience 🧠 > Chapter 7: The Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as rostral, the front surface, pointing to the nostril/front of brain

A

Anterior

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2
Q

Also known as caudal, the back surface, pointing to the back of the brain

A

Posterior

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3
Q

Also known as Dorsal, top of the brain

A

Superior

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4
Q

Also known as Ventral, bottom on the brain

A

Inferior

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5
Q

Close to the mid-line

A

Medial

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6
Q

On the sides of the mid-line/ far from the mid-line

A

Lateral

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7
Q

Top of the spine, pointing towards the brain

A

Rostral/Superior

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8
Q

Bottom of the spine, pointing towards lower body

A

Caudal/Inferior

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9
Q

the front surface of the spine, pointing to the belly

A

Ventral

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10
Q

the back surface of the spine, pointing to the back

A

Dorsal

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11
Q

an imaginary plane dividing the brain into dorsal and ventral parts (top and bottom halves.

A

Horizontal Plane

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12
Q

a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.

A

Sagittal Plane

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13
Q

an imaginary plane dividing the brain into anterior and posterior parts (front and back halves.

A

Coronal Plane

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14
Q

one side

A

Unilateral

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15
Q

Both sides

A

Bilateral

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16
Q

same side

A

Ipsilateral

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17
Q

opposite sides

A

Contralateral

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18
Q

towards the CNS (sensory)

A

Afferent

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19
Q

away from CNS (motor)

A

Efferent

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20
Q

attached to the brain stem, holds sensory and motor information; Has grey matter, dorsal & ventral horns, dorsal root, ventral root, and the dorsal root ganglia

A

Spinal cord

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21
Q

Contains somas of sensory neurons, in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal Root ganglia

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22
Q

Big flat horns in the spinal cord that has efferents (motor)

A

Ventral Root

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23
Q

Tiny horns in the spinal cord that has afferents (sensory)

A

Dorsal Root

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24
Q

Nervous system outside the
brain and spinal cord; has a somatic and autonomic divisions

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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25
Q

Has sensory and motor subdivisions; innervates skin, joints, muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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26
Q

Has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

A

Automatic nervous system

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27
Q

“Rest and digest”
* dominates when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use.
*Increases salivation, digestion, and
storage of glucose and other nutrients, slows heart rate, decreases respiration

A

Parasympathetic System

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28
Q

Fight-or-flight”
* dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion; the “fight or-flight” system.
* Increases heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates secretion of adrenaline, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Sympathetic System

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29
Q

Three membranes that surround the
brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges; 1) Dura mater 2) Arachnoid membrane 3) Pia mater

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30
Q

Between the arachnoid and pia; contains CSF and blood vessels

A

Subarachnoid space

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31
Q
  • sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space (csf mixes with blood)
  • Symptoms include sudden, severe headache, usually with loss or impairment of consciousness.
  • frequently a sign of a ruptured aneurysm
A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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32
Q
  • trauma damages tiny veins within the meninges
  • Blood accumulates rapidly, causing pressure to rise within the brain
  • Results in loss of consciousness, paralysis or death
A

Subdural Hematoma

33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled caverns and canals inside brain

A

Ventricles

34
Q

3 germ cell layers of an embryo in CNS development

A

1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm 3) Mesoderm

35
Q

germ cell layer made of the nervous system and skin

A

Ectoderm

36
Q

germ cell layer made of the lining of internal organs

A

Endoderm

37
Q

germ cell layer made of bones and muscles

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

Process by which neural plate becomes the neural tube

A

Neurulation

39
Q

How does the CNS develop?

A

begins as an embryo (aka neural plate), folds into a neural tube, then the tube pinches off on either side becoming either a neural crest or stays a neural tube.

40
Q

Neural tube becomes the ________.

A

CNS

41
Q

Neural crest comes the _________.

A

PNS

42
Q

Failure of anterior tube to close lead to…..

A

Anencephaly

43
Q

Failure of posterior tube to close lead to…..

A

Spina bifida

44
Q

What increases the incidence of neural tube defects?

A

Folic Acid Deficiency

45
Q

also known as the forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

46
Q

also known as the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

47
Q

also known as the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

48
Q

What does the forebrain differentiate into?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

49
Q

Deals with the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

50
Q

Deals with the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus).

A

Telencephalon

51
Q

Seat of perception, cognition, consciousness, voluntary action

A

Cerebral cortex

52
Q

responsible for motor control/ Voluntary movement, Procedural memory

A

Basal Ganglia

53
Q

Controls emotion (anger)

A

Amygdala

54
Q

Controls memory

A

Hippocampus

55
Q
  • Gateway to the cortex”
  • A relay for most sensory
    information from periphery.
A

Thalamus

56
Q
  • Regulates: body temperature,
    salt-water balance, hunger, thirst,
    energy metabolism, reproductive
    behaviors, and emotional responses
  • Mediates circadian rhythms
    (SCN)
A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

Contains axons descending from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord

A

Descending Axons

58
Q

Information conduit from spinal cord and brainstem to forebrain

A

Ascending Axons

59
Q

What does the midbrain differentiate into?

A

Tectum, Tegmentum, Cerebral aqueduct

60
Q

What does the tectum differentiate into?

A

Superior and inferior colliculus

61
Q

receives sensory info from eye; part of the tectum

A

superior colliculus

62
Q

receives sensory info from ear; part of the tectum

A

Inferior colliculus

63
Q

What does the tegmentum differentiate into?

A

Substantia nigra, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray

64
Q

A black substance that contains cell bodies of DA neurons and it projects to striatum

A

Substantia nigra

65
Q

The Rubrospinal tract

A

red nucleus

66
Q

Rich in opioid receptors and is Important in pain modulation

A

Periaqueductal gray

67
Q

What does the hindbrain differentiate into?

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

68
Q

What structure(s) are apart of the rostral hindbrain?

A

cerebellum and pons

69
Q

also known as the rostral hindbrain

A

metencephalon

70
Q

What structure(s) are apart of the caudal hindbrain?

A

medulla

71
Q

also known as the caudal hindbrain

A

myelencephalon

72
Q
  • Receives info from the pons (relayed from cortex) specifying the goals of movements
  • primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement.
A

cerebellum

73
Q

regulates heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting

A

medulla

74
Q
  • links your brain to your spinal cord. - - handles all of your unconscious movements and processes.
  • Stores 90% of descending axons from cortex synapse
A

pons

75
Q

Lateral ventricles is in the….

A

Telencephalon

76
Q

3rd ventricle is in the….

A

diencephalon

77
Q

Cerebral aqueduct is in the….

A

midbrain

78
Q

4th ventricle is in the….

A

hindbrain

79
Q

Central canal is in the….

A

spinal cord

Neuroscience 🧠 (14 decks)

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