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Neuroscience 🧠 > Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What does proper function require?

A

Restricted synaptic
communication

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2
Q
  • Sits along wall of 3rd ventricle
  • Connected by a stalk to the
    pituitary
  • Two lobes: anterior and
    posterior
  • Integrates somatic and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain
  • 3 F’s
A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q
  • Regulates body temperature and blood composition within a narrow physiological range in response to external environment
  • responds to a sensory stimulus with humoral,
    visceromotor, and somatic motor responses
A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

In cold weather, how does homeostasis work?

A
  • Adjusts balance of sympathetic and
    parasympathetic outputs of the ANS
  • Ex: Constrict blood vessels to minimize peripheral blood flow
  • Incites appropriate somatic motor
    behavioral response
  • Ex: Shivering
  • Stimulates or inhibits release of pituitary
    hormones (humoral)
  • Conserve water within the body – release vasopressin
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5
Q

3 zones of the hpothalamus

A

lateral, medial, periventricular

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6
Q

____________ zone lies next to 3rd ventricle

A

Periventricular

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7
Q

Lateral and medial zones have connections with what?

A

brain stem and cortex

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8
Q

What contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

Periventricular zone

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9
Q

Regulates circadian rhythms (biological clock)

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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10
Q

Send axons to the stalk of the pituitary

A

Neurosecretory cells

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary is _______ ________.

A

brain tissue

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12
Q
  • Largest secretory cells
  • Extend axons down the stalk into posterior
    pituitary
  • release two neurohormones into bloodstream.
A

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

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13
Q

What two neurohormones that are released into bloodstream by Magnocellular neurosecretory cells?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Vasopressin (ADH)
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14
Q
  • “love hormone”
  • Promotes social bonding, Lactation
A

Oxytocin

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15
Q
  • Regulates blood volume and salt concentration
  • ADH-containing neurons receive info about
    these changes and release vasopressin
  • Acts directly on the kidney
  • leads to water retention and reduced urine production
A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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16
Q

“Master gland” of the endocrine system

A

Anterior lobe

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17
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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18
Q
  • Do not extend axons all the way into the
    anterior lobe—project to the median
    eminence
  • Communicate via bloodstream
  • Secrete hypophysiotropic hormones
  • via a network of blood vessels: hypothalamo-pituitary portal
    circulation
  • hypophysiotropic hormones bind to receptors on the surface of pituitary cells
    -> Activation causes pituitary cells to secrete or stop secreting hormones
A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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19
Q

What do parvocellular neurosecretory cells do in response to stress? (first step)

A

secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH—aka: CRF) into portal circulation

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20
Q

second step in stress response

A

CRH travels to anterior pituitary and
stimulates the release of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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21
Q

third step in stress response

A

ACTH enters general circulation»> travels to the adrenal cortex (in kidney)
* stimulates glucocorticoid (cortisol in primates: aka “stress hormone”)
release from adrenal cortex
* Cortisol inhibits CRH release (negative feedback via hippocampus)

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22
Q
  • Part of the PNS
  • Carried out without conscious control
  • commands every other innervated tissue and organ in the body
    -> Widespread actions instead of pinpoint accuracy
  • Sympathetic division: “fight or flight”
  • Parasympathetic division: “rest and digest”
A

Autonomic Nervous System

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23
Q

Mobilizes the body for a short term emergency at the expense of processes that keep it healthy long-term

A

Sympathetic Division

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24
Q

Works calmly for long-term good

A

Parasympathetic Division

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25
Q

What type of neurons does the sympathetic and parasympathetic division have?

A

Preganglionic neurons

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26
Q
  • Cells bodies in thoracic and lumbar cord
  • Send axons through ventral roots to synapse on sympathetic chain ganglia or within collateral ganglia in abdominal cavity
A

Preganglionic neurons in SYMPATHETIC division

27
Q
  • Cells bodies sit within brain stem and sacral spinal cord
  • Axons travel within several cranial nerves and sacral nerves
  • Axons travel much farther than sympathetic axons b/c
    parasympathetic ganglia are
    located next to or on target organs
A

Preganglionic neurons in PARASYMPATHETIC division

28
Q
  • Driven by preganglionic neurons (UMNs): cell bodies are in the CNS
  • Di-synaptic control of targets
A

Autonomic ganglia

29
Q

What neurotransmitter is at the autonomic ganglia?

A

ACh (acetylcholine)

30
Q

Postganglionic synapse for sympathetic
- Far-reaching effects—even into
blood

A

norepinephrine

31
Q

Postganglionic synapse for parasympathetic
- Local effect—near target
organs
- Acts entirely through mAChRs

A

ACh (acetylcholine)

32
Q

mimic or promote muscarinic actions of ACh or
inhibit actions of NE

A

Parasympathomimetic

33
Q

mimic or promote NE actions or inhibit muscarinic actions of ACh

A

Sympathomimetic

34
Q
  • main regulator of autonomic preganglionic neurons
  • Integrates the info it receives about the body’s status, anticipates its needs, and provides neural and hormonal output
  • Periventricular zone connections to brain stem and spinal cord nuclei that contain preganglionic neurons
A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

Integrates sensory information from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei

A

Nucleus of solitary tract (medulla)

36
Q

solely functions to innervate and
control skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Motor System

37
Q

Cell bodies of all somatic LMNs are in CNS
* Monosynaptic control of targets

A

Somatic Motor System

38
Q

ACh at NMJ

A

Somatic Motor System

39
Q

is a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

40
Q

Locus of central control: motor cortex and brainstem

A

Somatic Motor System

41
Q

commands every other innervated tissue
and organ in the body
* Widespread actions
* Cell bodies of LMNs in ANS are outside
CNS»> autonomic ganglia
* Disynaptic control of targets

A

ANS

42
Q

ACh is NT in preganglionic neurons in ANS
*NE: postganglionic fibers in sympathetic
*ACh: postganglionic fibers in parasympathetic

A

ANS

43
Q

Major locus of central control: hypothalamus

A

ANS

44
Q
  • “Brain in the gut”
  • lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines,
    pancreas, and gallbladder
  • control physiological processes involved
    in transport and digestion of food
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
    innervation
A

Enteric Division of ANS

45
Q

What are the 2 networks of the Enteric Division of ANS?

A
  1. myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
  2. submucous (Meissner’s) plexus
46
Q

concerned with the motor aspects of gut function (e.g., peristalsis).

A

myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

47
Q

concerned with the secretory aspects of gut function

A

submucous (Meissner’s) plexus

48
Q

Axons innervate cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, and spinal cord.

A

Norepinephrine system in locus coeruleus

49
Q

regulation of attention, arousal, sleep–wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism

A

Norepinephrine system in locus coeruleus

50
Q

Activation: new, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli
* Least active during rest

A

Norepinephrine system in locus coeruleus

51
Q

innervate many of the same areas as noradrenergic (norepinephrine) system

A

Serotonin (5HT) system in the Raphe Nuclei

52
Q

together with noradrenergic system, comprise the ascending reticular activating system
* Particularly involved in sleep–wake cycles, mood

A

Serotonin (5HT) system in the Raphe Nuclei

53
Q

Activation: Most active during wakefulness, when aroused and active

A

Serotonin (5HT) system in the Raphe Nuclei

54
Q
  • Axons project to the striatum
  • Facilitates the initiation of
    voluntary movements
  • degeneration&raquo_space; PD
A

Substantia nigra

55
Q

Gives rise to two major pathways:
* Mesolimbic dopamine system: to nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
* Mesocortical dopamine system: to prefrontal cortex

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

56
Q

DA projection from midbrain to nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
* Involved in the reinforcing and rewarding aspects of drugs
* Humans and animals will self-stimulate
* Heavily investigated in many drugs of abuse

A

Mesolimbic Dopamine System

57
Q
  • Neurons lie scattered at the core
    of telencephalon: medial and
    ventral to basal ganglia
  • Function: mostly unknown,
    participates in learning and
    memory
  • First cells to die during
    Alzheimer’s Disease
A

Basal forebrain complex

58
Q
  • Located in pons and midbrain tegmentum
  • Provides a link between the brain stem and basal forebrain complex
A

Pontomesencephalotegmental complex

59
Q

Damage to cholinergic system contributes to cognitive factors in ________________ disease.

A

Alzheimer’s

60
Q

Psychoactive drugs act on the ___________.

A

CNS

61
Q

Interfere with chemical synaptic transmission

A

Psychoactive drugs

62
Q
A
62
Q

LSD, Psilocybin, mescaline»>5HT2A agonists

A

Hallucinogens

63
Q
  • Cocaine and amphetamine affect dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems
  • These drugs produce very high levels of DA and NE in the synaptic cleft
  • Sympathomimetic
A

Psychomotor stimulants

Neuroscience 🧠 (14 decks)

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