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P.E AS Level > Chapter 7 - The Role Of Technology In Physical Activity And Sport (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Role Of Technology In Physical Activity And Sport (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define research.

A

A systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge.

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2
Q

What is sports analytics?

A

The analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods for data to be subjected to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results.

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3
Q

What is quantitive data?

A

Data which can be written down or measured precisely and numerically.

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4
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data which is descriptive and looks at the way people think or feel; it is sometimes less precise and potentially less meaningful than quantitive data. It can also be very time consuming to collect and analyse such data.

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5
Q

When is qualitative research used?

A

Qualitative research data is used to try to gain a better understanding of a participant’s experiences. In sport psychology, qualitative methodology such as open ended questions with focus groups can be used to explore the feelings of anxiety among athletes prior to performance at major sporting competitions.

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6
Q

What is objective data?

A

Fact-based information which measurable and useable (e.g. the level achieved on the multi stage fitness test which links to a VO2 max score).

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7
Q

What is subjective data?

A

Data based on personal opinion which is less measurable and often less useable.

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8
Q

Data collected should be both … and …

A

Valid and reliable

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9
Q

What is validity?

A

Refers to the degree to which the data collected actually measures what it claims to measure.

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10
Q

What is reliability?

A

Refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time.

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11
Q

What is video motion analysis?

A

A technique used to get information about moving objects from video.

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12
Q

What are the two groups that use motion analysis?

A
  • Notational match analysis - used to record aspects of individuals or team performance.
  • Biomechanics - used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements. (Sometimes called kinematic)
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13
Q

What do notational match analysis and biomechanics have in common?

A

The two disciplines use similar methods to collect data and both rely on IT data analysis. The main thing they have in common is the use of measured observation (i.e. Quantitive analysis) during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way.

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14
Q

What is performance analysis (PA)?

A

The provision of objective feedback to a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance. (Feedback can be gained on a variety of performance indicators including; pass completion success rates; distance run in kilometres; number of shots attempted; number of shots on target, etc)

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15
Q

What is indirect calorimetry?

A

The measurement of the amount of heat/energy generated in an oxidation reaction by determining the intake or consumption of oxygen or by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide released and translating these quantities into a heat equivalent.

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16
Q

How is indirect calorimetry measured?

A

Headgear is attached to a subject while they breathe for a specific amount of time. Their inspired and expired gas flows, volumes and concentrations of O2 and CO2 are all measured. It therefore involves the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. It is a non-invasive technique and is relatively accurate.

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17
Q

What is a metabolic cart?

A

A device which works by attaching a headgear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time.

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18
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

Measurements of the heart/energy eliminated or stored in any system.

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19
Q

What is the equipment used when measuring indirect calorimetry?

A

Metabolic cart

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20
Q

What does a metabolic cart measure?

A

It measures the body’s metabolism through the amount of heat produced when the body is at rest.

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21
Q

What process does the metabolic cart use?

A

Calorimetry

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22
Q

What are the various parts of a metabolic cart?

A
  • Computer system
  • Monitor
  • Breathing tubes
  • mobile push cart
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23
Q

What is the REE?

A

It is the Resting Energy Expenditure which is calculated by a metabolic cart.

24
Q

What influences the resting energy expenditure?

A
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Chemistry of the body in regards to certain drugs.
25
Q

Do men or women have a lower REE?

A

Women

26
Q

What impact does smoking and drugs have on the REE?

A

It increases the REE

27
Q

What is the Resting energy expenditure?

A

The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24-hour period by the body during during rest.

28
Q

How can the use of indirect calorimetry and metabolic carts be helpful to individuals?

A
  • To determine the energy requirements and response to nutrition over time.
  • To calculate energy expenditure which allows determination of nutritional requirements/caloric needs.
  • Who are classified/potentially classified as obese.
  • In the calculation of their REE, which helps medical staff determine the amount of food and nutrition needed.
29
Q

What are the possible difficulties or sources of error affecting the validity and reliability of using indirect calorimetry via a metabolic cart?

A
  • Inaccuracies from air leaks
  • Possible inaccuracies from measurements/ recording errors.
  • Difficult to use on children
  • Overfeeding/underfeeding may occur based on results received.
  • Single snap shots are worse than ‘average results/studies’ over a longer period of time.
  • The process actually measures consumption, not needs.
30
Q

What is software and hardware?

A

Computer software is any set of machine-readable instructions which direct a computer’s processor to perform specific operations. Computer hardware is the physical component of computers.

31
Q

What is a GPS (Global positioning system)?

A

A space based navigation system that provides location and time information.

32
Q

What is the advantage of GPSs for coaches?

A

Such systems give coaches a vast amount of information immediately, at the touch of a button on a computer. They track speed, distance and direction of individuals being monitored. GPSs can also provide data which helps improve performance via monitoring success rates in technical performance. In high contact sports it can measure the impact in ‘G’ forces. It can also help coaches to make objective decisions about the possible replacements and substitutions. This can help decrease the risk of injury as GPS can help gauge a performer’s fatigue level. If a performer is recovering from an injury, GPS can be used to manage the workload during their rehabilitation.

33
Q

Why is GPS technology used?

A
  • Makes better use of training time/ensures training meets game demands.
  • Improves the tactical analysis undertaken at a club.
  • Helps a coach compare player performance and potentially ‘pick the best players’ for the team based on GPS data.
  • Help to get injured players successfully through rehab at a faster rate.
34
Q

What is data integrity?

A

Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime.

35
Q

What is data integrity using sport analytics?

A

Refers to the validity of data (i.e. Its relevance/meaningfulness)

36
Q

How can data integrity be compromised?

A
  • Human error when data is entered
  • errors occurring when data is transmitted from one computer to another.
  • Software bugs or viruses
  • Hardware malfunctions such as disk crashes
37
Q

What are the ways to minimise threats to data integrity?

A
  • Regularly backing-up data
  • Controlling access to data and protecting against malicious intent via secure mechanisms.
  • Designing interfaces which prevent the input of invalid data; taking care when entering data,
  • Using error detection and correction software when transmitting data
  • Not leaving a computer unattended for anyone to access.
38
Q

Define resting energy expenditure (REE)

A

The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24-hour period by the body during rest.

39
Q

Define G forces

A

Forces acting on the body as a result of acceleration or gravity.

40
Q

What are smart wearable fitness and sports devices?

A

Device that is worn or attached to a performer’s body while in use to provide instant feedback on aspects of performance such as distance covered, heart rate, etc.

41
Q

Why is sport analytics used?

A

The effective use of sports analytics can help an individual and/or team increase their chances of success and win more frequently and consistently.

42
Q

What form of devices are used by individuals to monitor and improve their performance? Who are they used by?

A

Smart wearable fitness and sports devices which are used by both elite athletes to monitor their performance extremely detailed and for individual recreational purposes.

43
Q

What technology can be used for the analytics of skill and technique development?

A

The use of video and analysis programs to improve skills and techniques. For example Dartfish is an analytics program which is used to capture, create, analyse and share video content on sports performance. The software available via Dartfish combines technical, tactical and statistical information to provide information which can be used to improve skills and techniques on the spot or identify areas for improvement in future training sessions. It is particularly useful in sports and activities where visual feedback will be beneficial for the performer and coach.

44
Q

Define vibration technology

A

Vibration training/therapy is also known as whole body vibration (WBV) and an example of its usage involves the use of vibration plates to induce exercise effects of the body.

45
Q

Define electrostimulation

A

The production of muscle contractions using electrical impulses.

46
Q

What are the benefits of using vibration technology for injury prevention?

A
  • Improving bone density
  • Increasing muscle mass/increased muscle power
  • Improving circulation
  • Reducing joint pain
  • Reducing back pain
  • Alleviating stress
  • Boosting metabolism
  • An overall reduction in pain/delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
  • Maintenance of cartilage integrity where weight-bearing activities are difficult to undertake.
    All of which help to prevent further injuries
47
Q

What are the benefits of using electrostimulation?

A
  • An increase in strength and power
  • Faster recovery time by expelling the lactic acid after a workout is over
  • Can help to stimulate the muscles and help promote blood flow during a warm-up
48
Q

How does electrostimulation work?

A

It works by providing a gentle external electrocution of the muscles to stimulate them. This reproduces what an individual brain does to the nerves and muscles when they are voluntarily contracted. The only difference is the electrodes, which are attached to a person’s skin, send small shocks or impulses to the muscles without affecting the central nervous system (CNS) or the brain.

49
Q

In what ways can electrostimulation aid in the prevention of injuries?

A
  • By strengthening and toning the muscles to help prevent injury (e.g. it can strengthen the muscle groups of the legs to give stability and help prevent injury or recurring injuries to the knees and ankles).
  • By helping to prevent losses in fitness levels via application to specific muscle groups which maintains muscle tone during periods of inactivity.
  • By assisting in rehabilitation through the gradual strengthening of injured or weakened muscles via small incremental increases in workload on the muscles (e.g. inducing stronger muscular contractions) as part of rehab.
  • By helping to get rid of lactic acid after a training session or competition, as well as decreasing muscle tension and potential injury by providing a relaxing effect to muscles.
50
Q

How can analytics be used in game analysis?

A

Analytics can be used in sports especially in team games such as netball and basketball to gather quantitive data, including player performance metrics which measures the amount of court covered during matches by individual players. The use has increasingly been made of video and data, captured and displayed on iPads, which is then used to give real-time analysis and feedback to coaches during games, which ultimately aims to give them an edge over the opposition. The data gained via sports analytics can also assist coaches when looking at tactics, formations and substitutions during games. Access to precise data allows coaches to compare an individual players performance to their ‘normal play’ as well as match team tactics to the squad available to them.

51
Q

How can analytics be used in talent identification programs and scouting?

A
  • Sports analytics can be used to provide qualitative data on individual performance in a range of different sports, e.g. through written scouting reports commenting on opposition players and/or feedback from players being watched with a view to recruiting them onto a talent identification program.
  • Technology can be used in pathway analytics as a method of systematically profiling and benchmarking the effectiveness of performance pathways across Olympic and Paralympic sports.
  • Talent ID programs have developed over the years, linking to the specific technical, physiological and psychological requirements of different sports, for example, tall and talented requires technically gifted sports performers to be above a certain height for sports such as basketball and rowing. The data gathered on potential recruits needs to be systematically gathered to be analysed so it can be used as effectively as possible in order to find the best, most talented athletes who are the most likely to succeed at elite level.
52
Q

What is the assistive or adapted technology in sport?

A

It is an area of technology in which design is on the increase and new devices are being created to help the elderly and disabled sports enthusiasts to participate at a recreational level as well as create highly advanced equipment for Paralympians.

53
Q

Give examples of adapted equipment designed to encourage physical activity in the elderly

A
  • Finger extension exerciser -> this is used to help with hand and wrist movements.
  • Low impact pedal exercise machine -> this gives the opportunity for elderly individuals to participate in low impact exercise to stimulate circulation and help to try to maintain muscle tone.
  • Exercise balance beam -> this can be used to help maintain/improve balance, coordination and mobility.
  • Technologically advanced wheelchair design -> this helps elderly individuals who are confined to wheelchairs to continue to be mobile and involved in adapted activities such as wheelchair athletics.
54
Q

Explain the initiative of ‘places people play’ by Sport England

A

Places people play is an initiative being delivered by sport England in partnership with the British Olympic Association. This initiative aims to deliver on the Olympic and Paralympic legacy promised to increase sports participation by providing sports facilities for the local community to access and use.

55
Q

‘Iconic facilities’ is part of the ‘places people play’ initiative what is its purpose?

A

It is designed to transform the places people used to play sport in towns, cities and villages across the country. The iconic facilities fund direct funds into a small number of best practice strategic facility projects designed to increase mass participation in sport across England.

56
Q

How have 3G surfaces been beneficial to the places people play initiative?

A

3-D artificial grass is the sand and rubber in field sports synthetic surface which is ideal for sport such as hockey, football and rugby. It allows high levels of use in a wide variety of sports and its benefits include the fact that it can be played on more frequently and for longer for natural grass as it gives consistent conditions.

P.E AS Level (7 decks)

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