Chapter 3- Sport And Society (Paper 1) Flashcards
What is a feudal system?
Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
What is popular recreation?
The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
What is foot racing?
A form of competitive running/walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance. As time progressed, it evolved into pedestrianism/race walking.
Who is the patron?
A member of the gentry who looked after a lower-class performer, e.g by arranging competitions for them to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer.
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes?
The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850.
What are the characteristics of foot racing?
- upper class put wages on their hired servants
- upper class acted as patrons
- simple activity
- festival occasion
- a way for a peasant to become rich
- rules established by organisers
- corruption
Who is an amateur?
A person who plays sport for the love it and receives no financial gain.
Who is a professional?
A person who plays sport for financial gane.
What were the values of amateurism during the nineteenth century?
- Manliness
- Appreciating the value of health and fitness
- Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- High moral integrity
During the nineteenth century, what were the characteristics of a gentlemen amateur?
- Being a respected member of the society
- high status in sport reflected by a high status in society (public school background)
- Being the social elite, having wealth and plenty of free time for sport
- Sport viewed as character building
- training frowned upon (professionals)
- Playing a range of sports
- High moral code
What were the positive impacts of amateurism in the nineteenth century?
- Amateurs held a higher status than professionals (sport dominated by the middle and upper class)
- Code of amateurism was based on plying sport to clearly set rules.
- Code of ethics - Playing sport to high set of moral values
- Belonging to the social elite (playing sport for fun rather than money)
- Participation in sport was seen as more important than winning.
- All rounders were viewed with high regard
- Amateurs were the elite performers of the nineteenth century.
- The new middle classes admired the values of the gentlemen amateurs.
Compare the gentlemen amateurs to the working class professionals (left gentlemen and right lower class)
Upper/middle class -> Working class
Wealthy. -> Poor
Lots of free time -> Very little free time due to long working hours
No desire to train or improve -> Committed to train and perform as well as possible
High morality. -> low morality
What were the positive impacts of nineteenth century professionalism on sport development?
- Poor people (lower class) could earn money by playing sport (started with walking and running races)
- Led to commercialisation and media coverage of sport in the late twentieth century.
What were the key features of twentieth century amateurs?
- High status (both sport and society)
- Controllers of sport
- Top performers
- High moral
- did not need the money
- fair play/sportsmanship very important
What are the key features of modern day amateurs?
- Tend to be of lower status
- Some high level performers are still not professionals
- There has been a blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
- Performance at the top level in most sports is open to all
- Some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses.
What are the positives of modern day amateurism?
- Code of amateurism are still evident (fair play/sportsmanship)
- It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways (based on principles of amateurism)
- Sports like Rugby Union maintained their amateurism ->calling the referee ‘sir’
What are the reasons for increased modern day professionalism?
- All classes can compete - no longer a social barrier to participation
- People as professionals are now respected for their talents and efforts for reaching the top.
- High rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
- Professionals have more time to train
- Celebrity status from media coverage
- Positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve in professional sport.
- Money invested in sport allows them to run commercially
- More spectators attend matches
What was life in pre-industrial Britain like?
- Communication and transport was limited.
- There was widespread illiteracy: lower class were uneducated, with little ability to read or write.
- Cruel or violent existences were the norm for the lower classes (upper class lived in comfort and luxury)
- There was very limited free time as work was based on the land; free time was dictated by agricultural calendar/seasons; the lower class worked very long hours.
- Class divisions clearly existed; there was a two tier clearly divided society in existence based on the feudal system
- People lived in the countryside and rural areas.
What were the characteristics of popular recreation during pre-industrial Britain?
- Long hours for the working class meant popular recreation activities were ocasional and depended on the agricultural calendar.
- Activities were local (countryside) due to limited transport available at the time.
- Activities used the natural resources available to them
- Rules were very basic as literacy was very low
- Activities were aggressive and male dominated, reflecting a harsh society (lots of damage to property and themselves)
- Wagers were placed by upper class
What are the characteristics of mob football?
- Localised form of activity
- Rural in nature - In the countryside where most people lived
- Hardly any equipment (pigs bladder)
- Only played mob football occasionally because of long working hours
- Little rules and the majority of the people were illiterate (game was simple)
- Male dominated and violent
Why did mob football and other popular recreation activities become banned in the nineteenth century?
- They were violent or unruly in nature
- The led to injury or death
- They led to damage of property
- They involved gambling/wagering
- They were linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
What were the characteristics of Real Tennis?
- Played by upper class
- Rules were complex and the people who played it were literate as they could readily understand and apply them
- High moral code - lacked violence and played in a civilised manner.
- With plenty of leisure time the upper class were able to play real tennis on a regular basis.
- Expensive purpose built facilities using expensive specialist equipment
- It was non-local in nature - The upper class had the ability to travel
- Skilful game with difficult technical demands
Who was an example of a successful foot racer?
Captain Robert Barclay Allardice who earned 1000 guineas by walking one miles every hour for 1000 hours in July 1809 at New Market.
What is rational recreation?
In the nineteenth century, these were sports past times for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
What was the industrial revolution?
Deemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth centuries. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.
What is industrial patronage?
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.
Using two key words describe the change in the industrial and post-industrial development in sport
Sport moved from popular recreation to rational recreation.
What were the negative impacts of the industrial revolution in the early nineteenth century on sport?
- Migration of lower classes into urban areas (people began to work in the factories)
- Lack of leisure time - 12 hour work days (sabbath day - Sunday became day of rest)
- Lack of income
- Poor health - poor working and living conditions led to pollution, lack of hygiene and little energy to play sport.
- Loss of rights - Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports
- A lack of public provision - no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes.
What were the positive impacts of the industrial revolution in the mid nineteenth century?
- Health and hygiene improved as a result of gradual improvements in living conditions and local council provisions of baths to improve cleanliness to stop the spread of disease (more energy and better health to play sport)
- Gradual increase in wages and more for sport due to the Factory Act (half day on Saturdays)
- Development of the middle class (industrial patronage)
- Influence of ex-public school boys via industry and church, etc
- Values of athleticism spread to the lower class
- Improvements in transport and communication (increased players and spectators)
- Travel became cheaper
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
What were the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport in this period?
- Lack of space: In cities, unlike the countryside space was at premium. This led to development of purpose built facilities
- Large working class populations: Lots of people needed entertainment which led to mass spectator numbers.
- Loss of traditional sports - Many traditional sports were banned leading to the development of new sports.
- Change in working class conditions - as free time and income increased, sport attendance increased.
What were the key impacts of the transport revolution on sport?
Movement of teams and spectators: The development of railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel, leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis.
- Improved transport to different parts of the country: Nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national.
- Cheaper train travel: Allowed all clases to travel
- Improved access to the countryside
How did improved communication increase the development of sport?
- As people became more literate, the increase in printed media (newspapers) increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of ways.
- It led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models
What was the influence of the church on sport?
- The church supported sport in the late nineteenth century because it encouraged social control diverting people away from activities such as drinking and gambling.
- Church provided venues and organised teams
- YMCA promoted the idea of healthy body=healthy mind
- Clergy viewed sport as a way to increase attendance
- Boys’ Brigade, Scouts and YMCA were church groups involved with sporting activities.
What is codification?
The gradual organisation and defining rules
What is a philanthropist?
Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to provide for a better life among the working class.
How did the middles class support the development of sport?
- Codification - Old boys played a key role in the development of NGBs.
- Competitions - The development of leagues and competitions
- Public provision - The development of public facilities via philanthropists
- Increased leisure time - Middle class factory owners increased the free time of the workers over the years
- Move to ‘professionalism’
How did sport develop in Britain and across the British Empire?
- Teachers - Taught traditional sporting values
- Factory owners - Set up teams and gave workers time off
- Clergy - Developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
- Officers in the British army - Used sport with the armed services
- Diplomats - Took their sports with them
- Old boys set up NGBs
What is public provision?
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate.
How did National Governing Bodies (NGB) form?
- Sport was becoming increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sport
- More teams and clubs were formed
- More national and international fixtures were being organised
- Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in.
- Exclusive for middle and upper class
- Maintenance of ‘amateur ideal’
- Nationally agreed rules and codification for different sports were required; a single set of rules was required to make sure the competition was fair.
What is rationalisation?
Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification.
What are the key features of rational recreation?
- Respectability - non violent/fair play
- Regionally/nationally/regularly played
- Codification - Strict rules set by NGBs
- Referees present to enforce the rules
- Purpose built facilities
- Skills based on tactics
What is lawn tennis?
Originally called ‘Sphairistike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced.
What is open era?
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money.
What is media?
An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly.
What is the golden triangle?
The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media.
What is commercialism?
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport.
What is a sponsorship?
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods.
What is merchandising?
The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another, e.g professional sports teams/performers promote various products.
What is social media?
Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking.
What is a society?
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.
What is gender socialisation?
The act of learning to conform culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
What is social control?
A concept that refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
What is an institution?
An established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society.
