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Health Science 20 > Chapter 7 The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

The muscular system allows for movement

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2
Q

External

A

motion of the arms and legs

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3
Q

Internal

A

motion including the movement of the digestive system
and the respiratory system

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4
Q

T/F: Different types of muscles allow for both external and internal movement.

A

True

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5
Q

general term for all skeletal muscle tissue

A

Muscle

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6
Q

Contraction

A

muscle tissue becomes short and thick because of a
nerve impulse

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7
Q

Relaxation

A

occurs when impulse ends - returning to the initial state

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8
Q

Cause of movement

A

Alternating contraction and relaxation

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9
Q

Muscle tissue

A

is constructed of bundles of fascicles

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10
Q

fascicles

A

is made
of myofibrils

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11
Q

myofibrils

A

made up of myofilaments which is the smallest subunit

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12
Q

Myofilaments

A

made of 3 protein structures called: actin , myosin, and the
nonfunctional unit titin

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13
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

Attached to tendons which attach to bone; provide movement for the
body

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14
Q

Striated

A

means they look striped

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15
Q

Voluntary

A

movement is controlled by conscious thought

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16
Q

Contraction

A

shortening of muscle

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17
Q

All movement is a result of what?

A

contraction of primary movers and
extension/relaxation of opposing muscles

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18
Q

flexor

A

The muscle shortening the angle

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19
Q

the muscle
lengthening the angle is called the

A

extensor

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20
Q

Circular movement that occurs
around an axis

A

Rotation / circumduction

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21
Q

Movement away from the
midline

A

Abduction

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22
Q

Movement toward the midline

A

Adduction

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23
Q

Increasing the angle between
bones connected at a joint

A

Extension

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24
Q

Decreasing the angle between
two bones connected at a joint

A

Flexion

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25
Q

What is a muscle?

A

a collection of cells, is a tissue

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26
Q

Sarcomeres

A

are the functional contractile units of each fiber. They
contract but do not shorten

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27
Q

Each sarcomere consists of what?

A

two types of threadlike structures called thick
and thin myofilaments

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28
Q

Thick myofilaments

A

are made up of the protein myosin

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29
Q

Thin myofilaments

A

are made up of the protein actin

30
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter, is released from the nervous system

31
Q

Releasing acetylcholine causes what?

A

This causes contraction by causing myosin heads to bind to actin
filaments (crossbridge formation)

32
Q

What form of energy is needed for contraction and relaxation?

A

ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)

33
Q

What are needed to make ATP?

A

Oxygen and glucose

34
Q

What can be converted to glucose?

A

Glycogen stored in muscle

35
Q

What does increased blood supply to muscles do?

A

Gives them a darker colour. Allows them to carry much-needed oxygen.

36
Q

T/F: Muscles produce heat

A

True

37
Q

Why is important for muscles to produce heat?

A

Producing heat is important in maintaining homeostasis when it is too cold, like shivering.

38
Q

What happens during Rigor Mortis?

A

When a body dies, all the stored calcium is unable to be pumped back out of the muscles.
Excess calcium remains in the muscles throughout the body and causes muscle fibers to shorten and contract the whole body.
Shortage of ATP also contributes.

39
Q

Smooth Muscle is also called

A

visceral muscle

40
Q

Smooth muscle can be found in?

A

Found in hollow organs (except heart) and tubes, such as blood
vessels

41
Q

Smooth muscles; slower…

A

slower than skeletal muscles and uncontrolled

42
Q

vasodilation

A

Increasing the diameter of a blood vessel

43
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel

44
Q

close and open tubes

A

Sphincters

45
Q

Cardiac Muscles an be found where?

A

Found in the wall of the heart

46
Q

Cardiac muscles are uncontrolled therefore they are?

A

involuntary

47
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are?

A

Fibers are shorter and receive a richer supply of blood than any
other muscle in the body

48
Q

Intercalated disks

A

connective fibers; causing one fiber to contract
and then pull the next one into a contraction, creating a domino effect

49
Q

T/F: Cardiac muscles do not regenerate themselves, leading to scarring.

A

True

50
Q

Tonus (muscle tone)

A

partial contraction of a muscle with resistance
to stretching

51
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increased muscle size

52
Q

atrophy

A

muscle wasting from disuse

53
Q

myalgia

A

pain or tenderness in a muscle

54
Q

fibromyalgia

A

a disease that mainly affects women under 40 but is not fully
understood

55
Q

fibromyalgia symptoms?

A

include aches, pains, and muscle stiffness with specific tender points; cause is unknown but is linked with chronic fatigue syndrome.

56
Q

Paralysis

A

partial or total loss of function in skeletal muscles; can be
either flaccid or rigid paralysis

57
Q

spasms or cramps

A

involuntary sudden and violent contraction of a
muscle for a prolonged period of time

58
Q

Sprains

A

tears or breaks in ligaments

59
Q

Strains

A

actual tears in tendons or muscles

60
Q

Shin splints

A

inflammatory condition of the extensor muscles and
surrounding tissues of the lower leg; often found in runners

61
Q

Hernia

A

tear in the muscle wall through which an organ of the body
protrudes

62
Q

Tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendon

63
Q

electromyography

A

a diagnostic test in which a muscle or group of
muscles are stimulated with an electrical impulse, causing contraction, allowing the strength of the contraction to be measured

64
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A
  • Gradually increasing profound muscle weakness
  • Drooping eyelids frequently the first symptom
65
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A
  • Disorder of the peripheral nervous system that causes flaccid paralysis and the loss of reflexes
  • Ascends from the feet and progressing to the head
  • Paralysis peaks in 10 to 14 days and then subsides gradually
66
Q

Tetanus

A

Creates rigid paralysis, and any minor stimulus causes muscles to go into a major spasm

67
Q

Tetanus is caused by?

A

Caused by toxins produced by bacteria found in the ground and can be spread by any type of puncture, not just a rusty nail

68
Q

Botulism

A

is a potentially deadly disease resulting from bacterial
poisoning with the Clostridium botulinum bacteria.

69
Q

Botox

A
  • Science can utilize botulinum toxins for medical and cosmetic treatment.
  • Small amounts of botulinus toxin are injected into facial muscles to stop previously untreatable facial twitching by paralyzing the muscles.
  • Toxin also is used to treat wrinkles without surgery; known as botox injections
70
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A
  • Degenerative muscular diseases
  • Muscle fibers degenerate

Health Science 20 (3 decks)

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