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HS 147 - Survey of Disease > chapter 7: Stress and Adaptation > Flashcards

chapter 7: Stress and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

stress

A

State manifested by symptoms and those symptoms are going to come from the coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems (general adaptation syndrome)

  • manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it
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2
Q

adaptation

A

The ability to respond to challenges of physical physiological or psychological homeostasis and to return to a balance state

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3
Q

stress contributes to:

A

individual physical and mental challenges and societal problems

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4
Q

stressors affect health and cause symptoms that include:

A

headache, anxiety, depression

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5
Q

stress (in relation to disease) can directly contribute to:

A

The production or exacerbation of a disease, or it may contribute to the development of behaviors, such as smoking over eating and drug abuse that increase the risk of disease

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6
Q

stress responses are strongly influence by what two systems in the body?

A

nervous system & endocrine system

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7
Q

long-term stress VS short term stress

A

long-term stress is generally harmful, but short term stress can be protective as it prepares the body to deal with challenges

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8
Q

what is the adaptive purpose of a physiological stress response?

A

to promote survival during fight or flight

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9
Q

stress definition

A

process in which a person experiences changes in normal homeostasis

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10
Q

stressor:

A

any event or stimulus that causes the individual to experience stress

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11
Q

The Brain…

A
  • is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress
  • perceives and determines what is threatening
  • determines the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor
  • promotes adaptation (“allostasis”)
  • contributes to pathophysiology when it’s overused and dysregulation
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12
Q

stress response is caused by

A

any physical or psychological stimuli that disrupts homeostasis

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13
Q

the stress response is mediated by

A

A complex interplay of nervous endocrine and immune mechanisms that involves activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullar (SAM) axis, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and immune system

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14
Q

the stress response is adaptive, meaning…

A

it prepares the body to handle the challenges presented by an external or internal environmental challenge (stressor)

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15
Q

if the exposure to a stressor is actually or perceived as intense, repetitive (repeated acute stress), or prolonged (chronic stress)…

A

The stress response becomes maladaptive and detrimental to physiology
- can cause maladaptive reactions, including depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and heart disease

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16
Q

homeostasis review:

A
  • stress and adaptation have complex interactions in the body in between its cells and its organ systems to maintain homeostasis
  • interactions require that a level of homeostasis be maintained during the stages that occur in the internal and external environments
  • Requires feedback control systems that regulate cellular function and integrate the function of the different body systems
  • Homeostasis maintains the established internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance
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17
Q

physiological process opposing change (negative feedback loop)

A

A sensor detector change -> an integrator sums and compares incoming data with set-point -> the effector system returns the sensed function to within the range of the set-point

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18
Q

consistency is an open system which requires…

A

mechanisms that act to maintain its consistency

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19
Q

steady-state conditions require that…

A

any tendency toward change automatically, meet with factors resisting change

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20
Q

homeostasis does NOT occur by chance, but…

A

is the result of organized self-government

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21
Q

control systems…

A
  • body’s ability to function and maintain homeostasis
  • depends on thousands of physiological control systems that regulate body function
  • consists of a collection of interconnected components that function to keep a physical or chemical parameter of the body constant
  • regulates, cellular function, controls life processes and integrates functions of the different organ systems
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22
Q

stress response is a control system that…

A

mediate the physical, emotional and behavioral reactions to stressors

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23
Q

negative feedback system

A
  • when the monitored function or value decreases below the setpoint of the system, the feedback mechanism causes the function or value to increase
  • when the function or value is increased above the setpoint the feedback mechanism causes it to decrease
  • does the opposite of what the stimulus causes in relation to the set point
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24
Q

stages of the general adaptation syndrome (Selye) ; three stages:

A
  1. alarm stage
    - generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, and the HPA access, resulting in release of catecholamines and cortisol
    - increase of vital signs
  2. resistance stage.
    - Body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense
    - attempt to resist or adapt to stressors
  3. exhaustion stage
    - resources are depleted and signs of “ wear and tear” appear
    - May see hypertension, depression, burnout, anxiety, illness, or heart attacks
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25
Q

who came up with the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Hans Sailey: an endocrinologist who was the first to describe a group of specific anatomic changes that occurred in rats that were exposed to a variety of different experimental stimuli.

26
Q

neuroendocrine responses

A
  • integrate signals received through the bloodstream
  • the immune system both affects and is affected by the stress response
  • the stress response increases the probability of survival and acute response
  • release of Neurohormones include the mobilization of energy, sharpened focus and awareness, increased cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization, enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, redistribution of blood flow to the brain and muscles, modulation of the immune response, Inhibition of reproductive function, and a decrease in appetite.
27
Q

the neuroendocrine response brings the body back to a stable state and is turned off when…

A

the challenge to homeostasis is removed

  • neural responses and the hormones that are released during the response do not persist long enough to cause damage to vital tissues under normal circumstances
28
Q

Locus Coeruleus (LC)

A
  • is a nucleus and the ponds of the brain stem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic
  • is part of the reticular activating system
  • is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine
29
Q

what is the LC-NE system?

A

The LC and the areas affected by norepinephrine in the brain

30
Q

what response describes releasing norepinephrine directly into the blood from the adrenal medulla?

A

The fight or flight response is the term for this stress reaction of the sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

A

is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that acts on the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - regulates the synthetic/secretary activity of the adrenal cortex

  • hypothalamus sends a signal to pituitary gland which sends the signal to adrenal glands to release its hormones
  • stimulates adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoid hormones that mediate the stress response
  • important and neuroendocrine response to stress
  • protects against the effects of a stressor and focuses energy on regaining balance in the face of an acute challenge to homeostasis
32
Q

cortisol maintains…

A

blood glucose levels, suppresses osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, collagen synthesis, and immune responses

33
Q

angiotensin II (ANG II)

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

  • stress hormone involved in various stress induced responses, including sympathetic, and neuroendocrine responses
34
Q

Many other hormones are responsive to stressful stimuli, including…

A

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and reproductive hormones

35
Q

in females, stress and severe trauma can cause…

A

menstrual irregularities, anovulation, and amenorrhea (not to menstruate)

36
Q

in males, stress can…

A

decrease spermatogenesis, ejaculatory disorders, decrease levels of testosterone, and cause infertility

37
Q

prolonged presence of cortisol leads to…

A

suppression of growth hormone, which causes failure to thrive in children

38
Q

Stress-induced cortisol secretion decreases levels of…

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
- TSH helps conserve energy during stress

39
Q

immunity is affected by…

A

biological stress responses that can be induced by psychological physiological or physical stressors

40
Q

the innate (primary) and adaptive (secondary) immune responses are enhanced by

A

short-term stress experienced during immune activation.

  • immuno-enhancement include changes and dendritic cells, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte, trafficking, maturation and function, as well as local and systemic production of cytokines (chemical messengers)
41
Q

high levels of cortisol can cause

A
  • sleep disturbances, digestive issues, depression, weight gain, memory impairment
42
Q

long- term stress suppresses or dysregulates adaptive immune responses by…

A
  • altering cytokine balance, inducing, low-grade, chronic inflammation, and suppressing numbers, trafficking and function of immune protective cells
43
Q

chronic stress increases susceptibility to:

A

some cancers

44
Q

within the immune response, stress can…

A
  • reduce the number of natural killer cells or lymphocytes in the body which are needed to fight viruses
  • cause the immune system to produce an inflammatory response which can be temporarily beneficial for fighting germs
  • It’s inflammation is persistent and widespread. It can contribute to chronic diseases.
  • chronic stress can produce higher than normal levels of cortisol which hampers anti-inflammatory response and cause continual infections
45
Q

how can the body cope and adapt to stress?

A

COPING:
- managing, external and internal demands that are taxing or exceeding resources and causing stress
ADAPTATION:
- capacity to survive and flourish in the face of adversity and achieve homeostasis

46
Q

factors affecting ability to adapt include:

A
  • balance achieved by coping strategies or coping mechanisms
47
Q

coping mechanisms are:

A
  • emotional and behavioral responses to manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis
  • how we cope with stressful events, depends on how we perceive and interpret the event
48
Q

disorders of stress response caused by prolonged stressors or stress are

A

classified as acute, chronic intermittent or chronic sustained

49
Q

acute stressor

A

occurs over a short time and does not recur

50
Q

The response of the immune system is more rapid and efficient on the second exposure to a pathogen than…

A

the first exposure

51
Q

chronic exposure to a stressor can…

A

fatigue the immune system and impair its effectiveness

52
Q

effects of acute stressors

A

settle quickly but can last for days or weeks
- reactions to acute stress are those associated with the ANS, the fight or flight response
- events are usually severe and a reaction occurs after an unexpected life crisis

53
Q

symptoms of acute stress reactions include:

A
  • psychological symptoms, including anxiety, low mood, irritability, emotional ups, and downs poor sleep, poor concentration, wanting to be alone
  • recurrent dreams or flashbacks, which can be intrusive and unpleasant
  • avoidance of anything that will trigger memories
  • reckless or aggressive behavior that may be self-destructive
  • feeling emotionally, numb and detached from others
  • physical symptoms caused by stress hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine): avoiding people
54
Q

physical symptoms of acute stress

A
  • heart palpitations
  • Nausea
  • Chest pain
  • Pounding headaches
  • Abdominal pain
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Moist skin
  • stiff neck
55
Q

effects of chronic stress

A
  • chronic and excessive activation of the stress response can result from chronic illnesses
  • contribute to the development of long-term health problems
  • linked to many health disorders, including diseases of the cardiovascular G.I. immune and neurologic systems, depression, chronic alcoholism and drug abuse, eating disorders, accidents, and suicide
56
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A
  • is a disabling syndrome caused by the chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a significant dramatic event
  • causes include: war and major catastrophic events such as weather related disasters, airplane crashes, terrorist bombings, rape, or child abuse
  • increases the risk for development of major depression, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, and substance abuse
  • May develop physical symptoms and illnesses, such as hypertension, asthma, and chronic pain syndromes
57
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A
  • is a disabling syndrome caused by the chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a significant dramatic event
  • causes include: war and major catastrophic events such as weather related disasters, airplane crashes, terrorist bombings, rape, or child abuse
  • increases the risk for development of major depression, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, and substance abuse
  • May develop physical symptoms and illnesses, such as hypertension, asthma, and chronic pain syndromes
58
Q

in the US, the most frequently reported traumatic events include…

A

physical/sexual assaults and accidents

59
Q

characteristics of PTSD

A
  • intrusion: flashbacks or nightmares in which the event is relived in frightening detail
  • avoidance: the emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important personal relationships
  • hyper-arousal: presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentrating an exaggerated startle reflex, and increased vigilance and concern over safety
60
Q

Treatment for stress includes

A
  • help to avoid coping behaviors that impose a risk to health
  • provide alternative stress, reducing strategies such as: purposeful priority setting and problem-solving, and nonpharmacologic methods of stress reduction
61
Q

non-pharmacologic methods of stress reduction include…

A
  • relaxation techniques (meditation)
  • guided imagery
  • music therapy
  • massage
  • biofeedback

HS 147 - Survey of Disease (2 decks)

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