Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HS 147 - Survey of Disease > chapter 6: Neoplasia > Flashcards

chapter 6: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

leading cause of death worldwide

most common are:
breast, lung, colon, and prostate

1/3 due to:
tobacco, obesity, lack of physical activity, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cancer

A

leading cause of death worldwide

most common are:
breast, lung, colon, and prostate

1/3 due to:
tobacco, obesity, lack of physical activity, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cancer (generic term for):

A

a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

malignant tumor

A

tumor that is cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benign tumor

A

tumor in which cancer is NOT present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metastasis

A

rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond usual boundaries, which then INVADE ADJOINING PARTS OF THE BODY AND SPREAD TO OTHER ORGANS (this happens in cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary cause of death from cancer

A

widespread metastasis of cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell proliferation

A

process of cell division, it is an inherent adaptive mechanism for replacing body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell differentiation

A

process of specialization; new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

apoptosis

A

a form of programmed cell death to eliminate unwanted cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the cell cycle is

A

intervals between each cell division; genetic information will be duplicated; checkpoints in cell cycle provide opportunities for monitoring the accuracy of DNA replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Well-differentiated neurons and cells

A

unable to divide and reproduce (cells of the skeletal and cardiac muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parent or progenitor cells

A

continue to divide and reproduce - blood cells, skin cells, and liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

undifferentiated stem cells

A

can be triggered to enter cell cycle and produce large numbers of progenitor cells when needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stem cells

A

reserve cells that remain quiet until there is a need for cell replenishment; during division one retains the stem cell characteristics, and then the other one becomes a progenitor cell that proceeds through to terminal differentiation to the end of specialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tumor

A

swelling caused by several conditions; including inflammation and trauma; mass of cells due to overgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal new growth of tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal; can be benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor of glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

osteoma

A

benign growth of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancy that develops from epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignancy has glandular epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

papilloma

A

benign microscopic or microscopic fingerlike projections growing on a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

oncology

A

Study of tumors and their treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

anaplasia

A

The loss of the mature or specialized features of a cell or tissue, as in malignant tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

A group of abnormal cells that have not spread from the location where they first formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

benign neoplasms:

A
  • abnormal noncancerous collection of cells;
  • can form anywhere on or in the body;
  • cells multiply more than they should or don’t die when they should;
  • Do not spread to other parts of the body;
  • Grow slowly and have distinct smooth regular borders ;
  • Develop a fibrous capsule
  • may not require treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

malignant neoplasms

A
  • cancerous
  • develop when cell grow/divide more than they should
  • spread to nearby tissues, and two distant parts of the body
  • Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
  • early detection is key
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cancer cell characteristics include:

A
  • grow and divide at abnormally rapid rate
  • Poorly differentiated with abnormal morphology
  • Disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth results in neoplasia (“new growth”)
  • growth is uncoordinated and autonomous; lacks normal regulatory controls over cell growth and division; tends to increase in size and grow after stimulus ceases or of the organism are met
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation (undifferentiation) of the cells and their orientation to each other
- characteristic of tumor cells
- structural or functional undifferentiation to the point where its lineage and/or tissue or origin cannot be determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

tumor grading

A

measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms
- the closer the tumor cells resemble normal tissue cells, the lower the grade; ranges from 1-4
- grading and cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cancer characteristics

A
  • genetic instability where there is increased tendency of genetic alteration during cell division; cancer results from damage to multiple genes controlling cell division and tumors suppressors
  • growth factor independence which is the ability to proliferate, even in the absence of growth factors
  • cell density-dependent inhibition where they lose the ability to stop growth after cells reach a certain density
  • anchorage dependence - cancer cells remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells and extra cellular matrix
  • cell-to-cell communication interferes with formation of intercellular connections, and responsiveness to membrane derived signals
  • unlimited life span
  • antigen expression antigens are immunologically identified as foreign
  • production of enzymes, hormones, and other substances is abnormal compared to normal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what two ways can cancer spread?

A

lymphatic: through lymph nodes (e.g. breast cancer)

or

blood (hematological) spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

growth and normal and cancerous tissue depends on what three factors?

A
  1. The number of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle.
  2. The duration of the cell cycle.
  3. The number of cells that are being lost relative to the number of new cells being produced.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

etiology (causes) of cancer are:

A

complex and multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cancer associated genes (three main types):

A
  1. oncogenes
  2. tumor suppressor genes
  3. mismatch-repair genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oncogenes are:

A

genes that regulate the normal growth of cells - become unable to control the normal growth of cells, allowing abnormal cancer cells to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tumor suppressor genes:

A

genes that recognize abnormal growth of cancer cells and can interrupt their reproduction until the defect is corrected; if mutated they do not function properly allowing tumor growth

39
Q

mismatch-repair genes

A

genes that help recognize errors when DNA is copied; if these genes are not working properly, errors in DNA can be transmitted to new cells, causing them to be damaged

40
Q

carcinogenesis

A

the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells

41
Q

steps involved in carcinogenesis

A
  1. initiation - sales exposed to doses of carcinogenic agents, making them susceptible to malignant transformation
  2. Promotion - unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chemicals and growth factors.
  3. progression - tumor cells acquire, malignant phenotypic changes that promote invasiveness, metastatic, competence, autonomous growth, tendencies, and increased
    karyotypic instability
42
Q

hosts and environmental factors that lead to cancer include (8):

A

heredity
hormones
stem cells
angiogenesis
carcinogens
oncogenic viruses
immunologic mechanisms
microenvironmental effects

43
Q

activation of oncogenes involved what three genetic changes to cellular protooncogenes?

A
  1. mutation
  2. gene amplification
  3. chromosome rearrangements
44
Q

tumor suppressor genes (TSG)

A

regulate orderly, cell growth and differentiation by sensing the surrounding environment, transmitting signals to the nucleus and directly affecting transcription transaction, survival or cell division

45
Q

Two-Hit Hypothesis involves

A

loss of TSG function occurs via the deletion or inactivation of two alleles

two-hit = two alleles (both alleles of the gene)

46
Q

epigenetic mechanisms

A

involve changes in the patterns of gene expression without a change in the DNA

“silence” genes, such as TSG, so that it is not expressed, and a cancer suppressing protein is not made

47
Q

genes the increase susceptibility to cancer or facilitate cancer growth are:

A
  • defects in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Defects in growth factor signaling pathways
  • evasion of apoptosis
  • Avoidance of cellular senescence
  • Development of sustained angiogenesis
  • metastasis and invasion
48
Q

DNA repair defects

A

DNA repair genes affect cell proliferation and survival indirectly through their ability to repair damage in proto-oncogenes, genes impacting apoptosis and tumor suppressor genes

49
Q

defects in growth factor signaling pathways

A

common way in which cancer cells gain autonomous growth

50
Q

evasion of apoptosis

A

cancer cells are characterized by long life because of high levels of telomerase that prevent cell aging and senescence (condition or process of deterioration with age)

51
Q

development of sustained angiogenesis

A

tumors cannot enlarge unless angiogenesis occurs and supplies them with the blood vessels necessary for survival; required for continued tumor growth and for metastasis

52
Q

invasion of metastasis

A

cancer stem cells enable cancer cells to detached cross tissue boundaries, escape death by detaching from tissue from which they belong (anoikis), and colonize new tissues

53
Q

TME

A

Tumor Microenvironment (environment around a tumor)

include surrounding blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signaling molecules, and the extra cellular matrix ; tumor and micro environment are closely related and interact constantly; tumors influence the micro environment by releasing extra cellular signals promoting tumor angiogenesis and inducing peripheral immune tolerance

54
Q

clinical manifestations of cancer

A
  • All body functions are affected by the presence of cancer
  • initial manifestations of cancer usually reflect the primary side of involvement
  • tissue integrity: cancer compress on a road blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis, along with frank bleeding and hemorrhage
55
Q

cancer can cause anorexia and cachexia

A

many cancers are associated with weight loss and wasting of food, fat and muscle tissue accompanied by profound weakness and anorexia and anemia
- Causes this syndrome is often referred to as cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
- Common manifestation of most solid tumors (except breast cancer)

56
Q

cancer can cause fatigue and sleep disorders

A

most frequent side effects of cancer
-tiredness weakness, and lack of energy and is not relieved by rest or sleep
-early symptoms of malignant disease

57
Q

anemia

A

common with various types of cancers and is related to blood loss, hemolysis, impaired red cell production or treatment effects
- caused by nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow failure and a blunted erythropoietin release to hypoxia
- inflammatory cytokines generated in response to tumors decrease erythropoietin production, resulting in a decrease in erythrocyte production

58
Q

screening for cancer is a secondary prevention measure for early recognition of cancer and can be achieved through…

A

observation, palpitation and laboratory tests and procedures and requires a test that will specifically detect early cancers or pre-malignancies

59
Q

diagnostic methods (determined by location and type of cancer) include:

A

blood test for tumor markers, psychology, and tissue biopsy endoscopy ultrasonography x-ray, CT, MRI, and PET (positron emitted technology) scans

60
Q

screening for cancer: tumor markers are used to…

A

screening establishing prognosis, monitoring, treatment, and detecting, recurrent disease

markers that are most useful are human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), cancer antigen 125, PSA, a Fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and cluster of differentiation

61
Q

screening: PAP (papanicolaou) test

A

cytologic method used for detecting cancer cells: microscopic examination of a properly prepared, slide for detection of abnormal cells; widely used as a screening test for cervical cancer

62
Q

Microarray technology

A

use “gene chips” that can simultaneously perform miniature assays to detect and quantify the expression of large numbers of genes

63
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

uses antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or surface markers, but it can also be used to determine the site of origin of metastatic tumors

64
Q

grading

A

grading is going to be based according to the histologic or cellular characteristics of the tumor.

cancers are classified as grades 123 and four with increasing and plasia or lack of differentiation

65
Q

staging

A

gonna be based according to the clinical spread of the disease

staging of cancer determines the extent and spread of the disease

66
Q

staging and grading are used to determine what?

A

the course of the disease and to help in selecting treatment or management plans for the patient

67
Q

the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system of the American joint committee on cancer (AJCC) is used by most cancer facilities and it:

A

classifies the disease into stages using three tumor components, which include:

T stands for the size and local spread of the primary tumor

N refers to the involvement of the regional lymph nodes

M describes the extent of the metastatic involvement

68
Q

three categories of cancer treatment are:

A

curative, control, and palliative (treatment of discomfort, symptoms, and stress of terminal illness)

69
Q

most common modalities of cancer treatment are…

A

surgery radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biotherapy

70
Q

the team involved in cancer treatment include…

A

medical surgical and radiation oncologists

nurses

Pharmacist

Ancillary personnel - x-ray technician & ultrasound technician

71
Q

surgery is…

A

oldest treatment for cancer
- it’s used for diagnosis, staging, tumor removal, and palliation (palliative where we relieve the symptoms but we don’t hear the disease)

72
Q

administration of radiation therapy

A

therapeutic radiation can be delivered in 3 ways: external beam or tele therapy (most common); beams generated at a distance and aimed at the tumor in a person or break the therapy and systemic therapy

73
Q

effects of radiation therapy include:

A

primary systemic effect is fatigue

Anorexia, nausea, emesis and diarrhea are common with abdominal and pelvic irradiation - symptoms are controlled by medication and diet

most frequently affected tissue include skin, G.I. tract and bone marrow

74
Q

chemotherapy

A

major systemic drug treatment for cancer that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
- primary treatment for most hematologic and some solid tumors

it can also be used as part of a multimodal treatment plan. For example, the patient can have radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and sometimes even patients have a radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery.

75
Q

chemotherapy exerts its effects through:

A

lethal action by targeting processes that prevent cell growth and replication

Kills cancer cells by stopping DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

eradicates cancer cells, but has toxic effects on normal cells

76
Q

hormonal therapy is

A

administration of drugs designed to disrupt the hormonal environment of cancer cells

  • deprives cancer cells of the hormonal signals that otherwise would stimulate them to divide
  • tumors known to be responsive to hormonal therapy are those of the breast prostate and endometrium
77
Q

biotherapy

A

use of immunotherapy and biologic response modifiers to change the immune response to cancer

78
Q

immunotherapy (biotherapy)

A

effective treatment and has less toxicity than chemotherapy; uses one’s own immune system to treat cancer by either stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells or improving the individuals immune system maybe used as a single agent treatment or adjunctive

79
Q

childhood cancers are rare, but…

A

is the second leading cause of death among school-age children in the US

80
Q

common childhood cancers include:

A

leukemia, non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma, and bone cancers (osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma)

81
Q

the most common embryonal tumors during the first years of life are:

A

Wilms tumor, RB, and neuroblastomas

82
Q

what cancers have a peak incidence in children 2 to 5 years of age?

A

embryonal tumors, along with acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and gliomas

83
Q

after puberty, what cancers are more common?

A

bone malignancies, Hodgkin, lymphoma, gonadal, germ, cell tumors, and various carcinomas

84
Q

embryonal tumors

A

exhibit features of organogenesis similar to that of embryonic development; frequently designated with the suffix blastoma (nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma)

  • infancy and early childhood
85
Q

neuroblastoma

A

Second, most common solid malignancy in childhood after brain tumors; arise from the primordial neural crest tissue in the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

extremely malignant neoplasm

children, younger than two years, present with large abdominal masses, fever and possibly weight loss

bone pain suggest metastatic disease

86
Q

nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

A

most common primary renal tumor in children and most common pediatric abdominal cancer

due to genetic alterations that deal with the normal embryological development of the genitourinary tract

most commonly affects children between the ages of one and five with the most common presentation being at three years of age

87
Q

childhood cancer biology

A

no single cause

biologic aspects of neoplasms:
two-hit theory
defects in DNA repair
histologic similarities between organogenesis and oncogenesis

88
Q

warning signs of cancer in children include:

A

generalized symptoms in conjunction with persistent lymphadenopathy, unexplained weight loss, growing masses and abnormalities of the CNS function

89
Q

generalized symptoms of cancer in children include:

A

prolonged fever, fatigue, bone pain

these symptoms typically delay diagnosis

90
Q

diagnosis of childhood cancers involves:

A

Histologic exam

Accurate disease staging is especially beneficial

91
Q

treatment of childhood cancers include:

A

chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and biologic agent therapy

92
Q

radiation therapy (children)

A
  • poses the risk of long-term effects for survivors of childhood cancer
  • late effects depend on the organs and tissue exposed type of radiation administered daily fractional and cumulative radiation dose and the HP treatment
  • increased risk of melanoma, squamous, cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma
  • side effects include pain and altered musculoskeletal function
93
Q

chemotherapy (children)

A

poses the risk of long-term effects for survivors

  • side effects include gonadal injury (hypogonadism, infertility and early menopause), AML, pulmonary fibrosis, kidney disease, bladder disorders, cardiomyopathy, CHF, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity

HS 147 - Survey of Disease (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions