Chapter 7 Special senses Flashcards
What are the Five special senses?
- Smell
- Taste
- Sight
- Hearing
- Equilibrium (touch)
Which receptor senses light?
Photoreceptors
What receptor senses chemicals?
Chemoreceptors
What receptor senses pressure?
Mechanoreceptors
What are 1 2 and 3?
- free neuron dendrites (smell)
- Encapsulated dendrites (touch)
- Association with a non-neuronal sensory cell (taste, sound, sight)
What is the Olfactory bulb?
- It’s involved with the sense of smell, uses chemoreceptors.
- Type 1 receptors (free neuron endings)
How does the Olfactory Bulb work?
- Sensory neurons are organized in “olfactory bulb”
- Free dendrites are embedded in nasal tissue and have proteins that sense chemicals
- Action potentials can occur and are transmitted to brain via the “olfactory tract”, an afferent path.
What is Gustation?
- It has do with the sense of taste, uses chemoreceptors
- Type 3 receptors (non-neuronal cell association)
How does Gustation work?
- Our tongue is covered in papillae
- Taste buds are located on the sides of papillae
- A taste bud is defined as a grouping of specialized cells (taste cells) that bind to flavor molecules
What do Taste Bud cells do?
- Taste cells have proteins that can bind to flavor molecules in membrane
- Binding of chemical to taste cell can result in depolarization of the cell
- Taste cells are associated with neuron free endings at synapse
- Allows for the transmission of action potential
- Signal leaves taste bud on afferent nerve to brain (gustatory nerve)
What are qualities of sight?
- Light enters and is focused on the retina (nervous tissue of the eye)
- Retina consists of pigmented cells and neuronal-associated cells
- Pigmented cells help collect light
- Neuronal-associated cells include photoreceptors, bipolar, and ganglion cells
- Similar to type 3 receptor (non-neuronal cell association)
What are the three different types of cells?
- Photoreceptors
- Bipolar cells
- Ganglion cells
What do Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cellls, and Ganglion Cells do for the Retina?
- Photoreceptors absorb light
- Bipolar cells (neurons) are either excited or inhibited by photoreceptors
-
Ganglion cells “sum” bipolar activity
- Their axons form the optic nerve, which runs to the brain
- Summation occurs at ganglion cell to determine if action potential is initiated
What do Photoreceptors do and what are Rods and Cones?
- Photoreceptors use pigments to detect light
- Rods (rhodopsin)
- Dim light vision
- Black and white
- Cones (photopsin)
- Bright light vision
- Color
- Three types of photopsin (blue, green, and red)
A person is diagnosed with having dysfunctional retinal cones. What disease would this represent?
A. Blindness
B. Color blindness
C. Poor night vision
D. Far-sightedness
C. Color Blindness
What is the process of Retinal Implants?
- Electric chips embedded in retina and electrically attached to optic nerve
- Acts as photoreceptors to initiate communication to the brain
What does the Sense of Hearing?
- Uses mechanoreceptors
- The conversion of sound waves to action potentials
- Energy of sound waves is transmitted through air and liquid
- Type 3 receptor (non-neuronal cell association)
What are the three regions of the process of the sense of hearing and what are their functions or how do they work?
- Outer: transmits sounds waves to ear drum
- Middle: ear drum vibrates middle ear bones
- Inner: vibrations are transferred to fluid (think wave pool) and can trigger depolarization in specialized cells in “cochlea”
What do the hair cells do to contribute to the Organ of Corti
- Hair cells are secured by the basilar membrane
- “Hairs” or stereocilia are embedded in tectorial membrane above
- Stereocilia bend when vibrations occur and depolarize cell
- Hair cells communicate with auditory neurons, which will use summation to initiate an action potential
