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Physiology > Chapter 17 Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The mucocillary escalator of the trachea is an example of which type of defense?

A. Specific defense
B. Non-specific defense
C. Cellular-mediated
D. Antibody-mediated

A

B. Non Specific defense

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2
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the air-conducting passages of the respiratory system.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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3
Q

What are the three process of the respiration process?

A

Three processes:

  • Pulmonary Ventilation
    • Physical movement of air into the lungs
  • Gas Diffusion
    • Across the respiratory membrane
  • Gas Transport
    • To tissues in the body
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4
Q

What is Process 1?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

Boyles Law:

  • The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (like blood in the heart, only applied to a gas instead of liquid)
  • Gases move from high pressure to low pressure
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5
Q

What are the pressures of ventilation?

A
  • Atmospheric pressure  air pressure outside the body
  • Intrapulmonary pressure  air pressure in lungs
    • If there is an increase in lung volume, intrapulmonary pressure decreases compared to atmospheric pressure.
    • If there is a decrease in lung volume, intrapulmonary pressure increases compared to atmospheric pressure
  • Intrapleural pressure  pressure between membranes
    • Prevents lungs (which are elastic) from collapsing
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6
Q

What happens when the thoracic cavity changes size?

A
  • Lung volume is proportional to thoracic cavity volume
    • Due to mechanism of lung pleurae
  • Size changes by skeletal muscles: ribs, diaphragm, and abdominal
  • Cavity expands via contraction, Poutside > Pinside = inspiration
  • Relaxation of muscle causes cavity to shrink, Poutside < Pinside = exhalation
  • Both voluntary and involuntary control is involved in inhalation
  • Exhalation is normally passive
    • Muscles relax and recoil of lungs decreases size of thoracic cavity
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7
Q

What is respiratory rate and tidal volume?

A 
Respiratory rate (f) = breaths per minute (avg. 15)
 Tidal volume (Vt) = amount of gas inhaled during one breath (avg. 500mL)
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8
Q

How do you find the respiratory minute volume (Ve) and what is it?

A
  • Respiratory Minute Volume (Ve)
    • Volume inhaled in one minute
    • Ve = f x Vt
    • Ve = 15/minute * 500ml = 7500mL or 7.5 liters/minute
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9
Q

How do you calculate Avelolar Ventilation (Va) and what is it?

A
  • Alveolar Ventilation (Va)
    • Air at the alveolar respiratory membrane per minute
    • Subtract air from conducting system (anatomic dead space, Vd) from tidal volume
    • Va = f * (Vt-Vd)
    • Va = 15 * (500mL-150mL) = 5250mL or 5.25 liters/minute
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10
Q

How could a person improve the amount of air involved with gas exchange in the lungs?

A. Decrease respiratory rate
B. Decrease size of thoracic cavity
C. Increase tidal volume
D. Increase anatomic dead space

A

C. Increase tidal volume

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11
Q

What is process 2 and what is the average atmospheric pressure?

A

Diffusion

  • The air we breath is a mixture of gases
  • Each gas contributes a partial pressure to the total overall pressure
    • Overall pressure – weight of the air on us!
  • Atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg
    • Gases have partial pressures when dissolved in liquids, like blood
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12
Q

What are concentration gradients of gases?

A
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13
Q

What is the process of the concentration gradient?

A
  • Blood at alveolus
    • PO2 – 40mmHg
    • PCO2 – 45mmHg
  • Air in alveoli
    • PO2 – 100mmHg
    • PCO2 – 40mmHg
  • Blood after exchange
    • PO2 – 100mmHg
    • PCO2 – 40mmHg
    • Equilibrium between alveoli and blood
  • This process repeats at capillary bed in tissue
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14
Q

If the partial pressure of oxygen is 95mmHg in muscle tissue of your leg and 40mmHg in the blood of the capillary bed associated with that muscle, which way will oxygen diffuse?
A. Into the capillary
B. Into the muscle cells
C. Diffuse equally between the two
D. Depends of carbon dioxide partial pressure

A

A. Into the capillary

  • Cells are going to be lower in oxygen in the capillary beds
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15
Q

What are the factors affecting gas exchange?

A
  • Concentration gradients of gases
    • Larger gradient, higher diffusion rate
  • Gas solubility
    • CO2 20 times as soluble as O2
    • O2 has  conc. gradient, however CO2 has  solubility
  • Thickness of respiratory membrane
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16
Q

What is the surface area of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Respiratory membrane surface area
  • Spread over 70 m2 per lung
  • About the size of a tennis court
17
Q

What is another factor that affects gas exchange that has to do with size?

A
  • Respiratory membrane surface area
    • 100 ml blood in alveolar capillaries, spread over 70 m2

Physiology (11 decks)

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