Chapter 7: Solutions Flashcards
def: any part of a system that is uniform in composition and in properties, making it visually distinct from the rest of the system
phase
def: refers to an individual substance and all the particles of that substance
chemical species
def: a substance made up of only one chemical species, having only one type of particle, cannot be separated by physical means
pure substance
def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more than one type of particle, can be separated by physical menas
mixture
def: the simplest pure substance made up of either individual, identical atoms or molecules of identical atoms
element
def: made up of more than one element
compound
def: describes a system made up of only one phase
homogenenous
def: describes a system made up of more than one phase
heterogeneous
def: a type of homogeneous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase, where one or more substances dissolve into another
solution
def: the part of the solution that exists in the smaller quantity, part that IS dissolving
solute
def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity, the part that is being dissolved INTO
solvent
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, containing multiple chemical species in multiple phases, specifically insoluble solid particles that are large enough to settle out
suspension
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, having microscopic dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance
colloid
def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water
aqueous solution
def: the number of moles of a substance contained in one litre of solution
molarity
def: describes the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature
solubility
def: describes a solute that dissolves very poorly in a solvent, displaying low solubility
insoluble
def: describes a solute that dissolves well in a solvent
soluble
how can you define a soluble solute?
molar solubility = greater than 0.1 mol/L at 25ºC
how can you define an insoluble solute?
molar solubility = less than 0.1 mol/L at 25ºC
def: the property of substances to mix and dissolve into each other in any proportion
miscibility
def: refers to substances that aren’t soluble and that do not mix in any proportion
immiscible
def: refers to substances that are mutually soluble, that will mix in any proportion
miscible
a precipitate only forms if a reaction product is _______
insoluble
def: a solution into which solute can still dissolve, as the solute has not yet reached maximum concentration for that solvent at that temperature
unsaturated solution
def: a solution into which no more solute can dissolve, as the solute has reached maximum concentration for that solvent at that temperature
saturated solution
def: a solution that contains more dissolved solute than the solvent can at that temperature under normal circumstances
supersaturated solution
def: describes a material’s tendency to repel water or to not mix with it
hydrophobic
def: describes a material’s tendency to attract water or to mix with it
hydrophilic
if attractions within the solute’s particles are the strongest then…
the solute won’t dissolve
if the attractions within the solvent’s particles are the strongest then…
the solute won’t dissolve
if the attractions between the solute’s and the solvent’s particles are the strongest then…
the solute will dissolve
T or F: A solute will only dissolve if the attractive forces between its particles and those of the solvent are as strong or stronger than the forces within the solute or the solvent
True
def: the attractive force that exists between the partial positive charge of one molecule and the partial negative charge of another
dipole-dipole force
def: an electrostatic attraction that forms between the partially positive hydrogen in a highly polarized bond and the negative lone pair on a nearby atom
hydrogen bond
def: a weakly attractive force that forms when non-polar molecules gain temporary dipole moments
London dispersion forces
def: the separation of the component ions of an ionic compound when it dissolves in water
dissociation
def: a molecule that has an overall, or net dipole moment, because of its bond polarities and its molecular geometry
polar molecule
def: an attractive force that forms between the partial charge of a molecular dipole moment and an oppositely charged ion
ion-dipole force
def: a solution of relatively high concentration; a large amount of solute dissolved in the solvent
concentrated
def: a solution of relatively low concentration; a very small amount of solute dissolved in the solvent
dilute
def: the process of solvent molecules surrounding solute ions or molecules, in order to form favourable ion-diplole or intermolecular forces
solvation
def: refers to the process of solvation when the solvent is WATER
hydration
def: an equation similar to a chemical equation that shows the separation of an ionic compound into its component ions
dissociation equation
def: a equation similar to a chemical equation that shows the breakup of a neutral molecule into charged pieces
ionization equation
def: a quantitative measure of a solutions’s ability to conduct electricity, thanks to its ionic content
conductivity
def: a substance that only partially dissociates or ionizes in solution, producing a solution that conducts electricity, but only weakly
weak electrolyte
def: a substance that completely or almost completely, dissociates or ionizes in solution, producing a solution that conducts electricity very well
strong electrolyte
def: a substance that dissolves, but that doesn’t dissociate or ionize, producing a solution that does not conduct electricity
nonelectrolyte
def: a common laboratory technique that allows you to determine the unknown concentration of a solution, by reacting it with a second solution whose concentration you do know
titration
def: the solution whose concentration you know
titrant
def: the solution whose concentration you want to figure out
titrand
def: a piece of laboratory equipment designed for very accurate measuring and dispensing of a specific volume of solution
volumetric pipette
def: a piece of laboratory equipment designed for very accurate measuring and dispensing of a variable volume of solution
burette
def: the point in a titration at which the ration of the moles of titrant to those of the titrand is identical to the ration of their coefficients in the balanced chemical equation
equivalence point
def: the point in a titration at which the pH indicator changes colour, signaling the titration’s end and the titrant volume you record
endpoint
