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Chemistry 11 > Chapter 2 - The Nature of Matter > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Nature of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

def: a specialized flat-bottomed funnel sits atop a side-arm Erlenmeyer flask connected to vacuum source, low pressure inside the flask sucks the filtrate through the filter

A

vacuum filtration

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2
Q

def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the difference in chemical properties, requiring a chemical reaction, thus forming a new substance

A

chemical separation

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3
Q

def: the pressure exerted by a vapour on its remaining liquid, at a given temperature

A

vapour pressure

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4
Q

binary ionic compounds contain…

A

one metal and one non-metal

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5
Q

def: a ratio comparing the progress an analyte makes across the stationary phase to the progress the solvent makes, for that analyte, in that solvent, on that stationary phase.

A

retention factor

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6
Q

what four terms are used to describe chromatography?

A

analytes, mobile phase, stationary phase and chromatograph

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7
Q

what are 3 properties of a non-metal?

A
  • poor conductors
  • most gases
  • lower density
  • brittle in solid form
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8
Q

how well an analyte dissolves in a gaseous mobile phases depends on its ______ and its ______-

A

boiling point and volatility

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9
Q

def: describes a system made up of more than on phase

A

hetergenous

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10
Q

def: the scattering of light as it reflects off the insoluble particles of a colloid or a fine suspension

A

Tyndall effect

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11
Q

def: the total energy contained within an object, representing the sum of all the particles kinetic and potential energies

A

internal energy (U)

Ekin + Epot = U

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12
Q

def: an inorganic that included water molecules within its crystal lattice, with a definite ratio of water and salt

A

hydrate

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13
Q

def: the characteristics of a material that allow the material’s description and identification

A

properties

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14
Q

def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity - the major component
WHAT THE SOLUTE DISSOLVES INTO

A

solvent

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15
Q

name 3 factors that influence reactivity?

A

temperature, chemical bonds and concetration

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16
Q

you can recognize the formula of a binary compound because it contains only ________

A

two capital letters

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17
Q

when buoyancy is greater than gravity, indicates…?

A

positive buoyancy

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18
Q

def: oppositely charges ions held together by ionic bond, an electrical attractive force

A

ion pair

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19
Q

def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydroxide anions and that generates a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water

A

base

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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of decantation?

A
  • only works in suspensions
  • some liquids stay behind
  • its almost impossible to not lose any solid
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21
Q

def: any compound that contains only two elements, in any ratio

A

binary compound

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22
Q

ions with the second most oxygens get the ending of…

A

-ate

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23
Q

def: the simplest way to filter, best for suspensions with large particles, filter medium is semi-permeable

A

gravity filtration

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24
Q

def: the slow vaporization of a liquid from its surface when that liquid is below its boiling point

A

evaporation

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25
Q

any compound containing only non-metals is a ______ compound

A

covalent

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26
Q

in suspensions, the solid particles have _______ buoyancy, because of larger size and density

A

negative buoyancy

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27
Q

fractional distillation repeats the _______________ cycle multiple times

A

vaporization-condensation

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28
Q

def: any ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide

A

salt

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29
Q

as a centrifuge spins, the container feels a _______ force

A

centripetal

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30
Q

def: any property that depends on the nature of the substance, rather than the amount

A

intensive property

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31
Q

stronger attraction between fluid’s particles = _____ buoyancy

A

more buoyancy

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32
Q

simple distillation can only separate solids or liquids whose boiling points are _______

A

sufficiently different

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33
Q

def: an increase of volume (increase in Epot) as temperature increases (increase in Eki)

A

thermal expansion

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34
Q

def: energy that transfers between objects of different internal energies, observable as difference in temperature

A

heat

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35
Q

def: a relative expression of a substance’s tendency to vaporize

A

volatility

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36
Q

ions with the fewest oxygens get the prefix and ending of…

A

hypo- -ite

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37
Q

def: the change in energy when a specific quantity of substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen

A

heat of combustion

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38
Q

preparative techniques allow you to ______ the components of a solution

A

purify

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39
Q

def: only applies to molecules, causes changes to bonds length and angles, relative movement of atoms within a molecule

A

vibrational energy

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40
Q

___________ distillation can improve the separation of liquids whose boiling points are too similar

A

fractional

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41
Q

def: a procedure for separating the components of a mixture by exploiting differences in either physical or chemical properties

A

separation technique

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42
Q

def: a decrease in volume (decrease in Epot) as temperature decreases (decrease in Ekin) as internal energy decreases

A

thermal contraction

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43
Q

what do you call it when a solid becomes a liquid?

A

melting

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44
Q

def: a technique for separating components from a liquid containing mixture using selective vaporization and condensation

A

distillation

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45
Q

def: made up of more than one element, molecules or ion paires

A

compound

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46
Q

def: the amount of heat required to change a specified amount of substance from a liquid to a gas, at its boiling point

A

heat of vaporization

Hv

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47
Q

alloys are ________ solutions

A

solid-in-solid

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48
Q

def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more that one type of particle, can be separated by physical means

A

mixture

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49
Q

def: the solid left over in the reboiler after distillation

A

residue

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50
Q

what are the three common states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

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51
Q

def: when you can or need to filter small volumes of liquid, attach wheel filter to a syringe and use syringe to suck the mixture through wheel

A

syringe filtration

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52
Q

heat of fusion represents the difference in ______ energy between solid and liquid states

A

potential

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53
Q

def: a type of homogenous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase, where one or more substances dissolve into another

A

solution

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54
Q

intensive and extensive describe _____ properties exclusively

A

physical

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55
Q

def: any metal that has multiple possible ionic charges

A

multivalent metal

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56
Q

what are the three classification of elements?

A

metals, non-metals, metalloids

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57
Q

how well an analytes dissolves in a liquid mobile phase depends on its _______

A

solubility

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58
Q

heat will continue transferring until ________

A

the temperatures of the objects are equal

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59
Q

if you want a more or less buoyant fluid, what do you have to do?

A

get a new fluid

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60
Q

when objects gain _____, that added energy transforms into either kinetic energy or potential energy

A

heat

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61
Q

when gravity is greater than buoyancy, indicates…?

A

negative buoyancy

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62
Q

def: a compound made up of one or more cations and one or more anions

A

ionic compound

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63
Q

def: manually selecting and separating each phase of a mixture one by one

A

manual separation

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64
Q

what are 4 different ways of classifying matter?

A
  1. qualitative
  2. quantitative
  3. extensive
  4. intensive
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65
Q

def: a solid over or through which the mobile phase flows

A

stationary phase

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66
Q

def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water (aq)

A

aqueous solution

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67
Q

def: refers to a substance that contains no water

A

anhydrous

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68
Q

we typically separate colloids using ______

A

centrifugation

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69
Q

what are the advantages of decantation?

A
  • quick and easy

- can collect either solid or liquid phase

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70
Q

def: only applies to molecules, causes the molecules to rotate around one of its three axes, doesn’t affect bonds

A

rotational energy

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71
Q

def: the separation of a solid from a fluid by passing the mixture through a filter medium, which blocks and collects the solid, while allowing the liquid or the gas through

A

filtration

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72
Q

def: any of a substance’s properties that arise as a result of a chemical reaction, where a new substance forms, or that describe a substance’s tendency to react

A

chemical property

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73
Q

what are 3 properties of metalloids?

A
  • properties from both groups

- semi-conductors

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74
Q

def: a method for separating different solutes in a solution bases on their relative solubilities in two liquids that don’t mix

A

solvent extraction

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75
Q

in fractional distillation, a _______ is place between the reboiler and the condenser

A

fractionating column

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76
Q

you can use distillation to separate liquids from other liquids or ______ solids

A

dissolved

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77
Q

def: the change in energy when elemental atoms combine to form a compoud

A

heat of formation

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78
Q

buoyancy depends on…

A

the strength of the attraction between the fluids particles

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79
Q

what are 3 components of a distillation apparatus?

A

reboiler, condenser and receiver

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80
Q

changes in kinetic energy reflect changes in particle ______

A

movement

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81
Q

def: an upward force exerted by a fluid on any object immersed in that fluid, which acts in opposition to gravity’s downward pull

A

buoyancy

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82
Q

separating particles that attract each other require an ____ in ______ energy

A

increase in potential energy

83
Q

def: a compound formed of molecules, atoms held together sharing electrons

A

covalent compound

84
Q

rf = migration time of analyte/migration time of solvent

column or planar chromatography?

A

column

85
Q

what are the two different types of chromatography?

A

analytical and preparative

86
Q

def: the sharing of electrons between atoms, holding the atoms together to form a molecule

A

covalent bond

87
Q

what are the four key points of the KMT?

A
  • all matter is made of tiny particles
  • there is empty space between the particles
  • the particles are always moving
  • energy makes the particles move
88
Q

def: describes a system made up of only one phase

A

homogenous

89
Q

def: the solid left over on the filter medium after filtration

A

residue

90
Q

like decantation, filtration doesn’t work on _______

A

solutions

91
Q

what are 3 properties of metals?

A
  • conductive
  • malleable
  • ductile
  • highly lustrous
92
Q

def: physical material made up of atoms, everything with a mass and volume

A

matter

93
Q

increase in energy is proportional to ________

A

number of particles

94
Q

def: the gas that forms from a substance that boils above room temperature

A

vapour

95
Q

def: applied to both atoms and molecules, causes particles to move in a straight line from one place to another

A

translational energy

96
Q

ions with the second fewest oxygens get the ending of…

A

-ite

97
Q

def: the amount of heat required to melt a specified amount of substance at its melting point

A

Heat of fusion

Hf (joules/gram)

98
Q

in colloids, the solid particles are not ___________ for gravity’s pull to overcome buoyancy’s push

A

large enough or dense enough

99
Q

def: any compound that contains carbon and usually hydrogen, with a few exceptions

A

organic compound

100
Q

def: an atom that is electrically charged because on an imbalance between the number of protons and the number of electrons

A

ion

101
Q

pure substances require one chemical species, not one _____

A

phase

102
Q

def: a group of two or more atoms held together by the covalent bonds, a sharing of electrons between atoms

A

molecule

103
Q

def: a type of heterogenous mixture, containing multiple chemical species in multiple phases, specifically insoluble solid particles that are large enough to settle out

A

suspension

104
Q

def: the simplest and smallest unit of mass that maintains the properties of the substace

A

atom

105
Q

when light passes through a colloid, the light ______

A

scatters in some parts

106
Q

def: the part of the solution that exists in the smaller quantity - the minor component
THE PART THAT IS DISSOLVING

A

solute

107
Q

what is the most useful chemical property?

A

reactivity

108
Q

def: the liquid that condenses and collects in the distillation receiver

A

distillate

109
Q

def: any part of a system that is uniform in composition and in properties, making it visually distinct from the rest of the system

A

phase

110
Q

def: the study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter

A

chemistry

111
Q

def: any property of a substance that can be measured or described without creating a new substance

A

physical property

112
Q

def: the change of state from a liquid to a gas

A

vapourization

113
Q

what are three variations of filtration

A
  • gravity filtration
  • vacuum filtration
  • syringe filtration
114
Q

def: a measure of how much matter an object contains

A

mass

115
Q

def: the collective term for various techniques that separate the solutes of a solution based on their different interactions between a fluid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase

A

chromatography

116
Q

def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydrogen cations and who generates a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water

A

acid

117
Q

def: the energy an object or particle has because of its position relative to others, energy that is stores that has the potential to do work, but that isn’t currently

A

potential energy

Epot

118
Q

what are the three types of buoyancy?

A
  • negative buoyancy
  • positive buoyancy
  • neutral buoyancy
119
Q

def: an element that has only one possible ionic charge

A

single-valent element

120
Q

def: any polyatomic ion that contains a non-metal atom and some number of oxygen atoms according to the general formula AxOy^z-

A

oxyanions

121
Q

def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, having microscopic (1 nm to 1000 nm) dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance

A

colloid

122
Q

binary covalent compounds contain…

A

two non-metals

123
Q

def: the process of particles in suspension settling out of the fluid in which they find themselves in response to a force acting upon them

A

sedimentation

124
Q

when gravity and buoyancy are balanced, indicates…?

A

neutral buoyancy

125
Q

def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the differences in physical properties without forming a new substance

A

physical separation

126
Q

what do you call it when a liquid turns into a solid?

A

freezing

127
Q

def: any ion carrying a positive charge

A

cation

128
Q

is boiling point intensive or extensive?

A

intensive

129
Q

when potential energy increases, separation between particles _______

A

increases

130
Q

def: any ion with a negative charge

A

anion

131
Q

def: a mixture containing one or more metals

A

alloy

132
Q

what do you call it when a solid becomes a gas?

A

sublimation

133
Q

if solid particles rise to the top of a fluid, how can we separate them?

A

using the skimming method

134
Q

what do you call it when plasma turns into a gas?

A

recombination

135
Q

def: an alternating arrangement of anions and cations, positioning positives net to negatives and avoiding any side-by-side like charges

A

ionic crystal lattice

136
Q

def: scientific theory that explains the behaviour of particles as their kinetic energy changes

A

kinetic molecular theory (KMT)

137
Q

centripetal forces are directed towards where?

A

the centre of rotation

138
Q

when an ideal substance changes state, its temperature ________

A

doesn’t change

139
Q

what are the 3 different categories of kinetic energy and how do they move?

A

translational
rotational
vibrational

140
Q

what are the first two classifications of matter?

A

pure substance

mixture

141
Q

changes in potential energy reflect changes in particle _______

A

separation

142
Q

if a gas continues to gain energy, increase in temp. and electrons separate from their atoms, what state is achieved?

A

plasma

143
Q

what are the two types of pure substances?

A

element, compound

144
Q

def: refers to an individual substance and all the particles of that substance

A

chemical species

145
Q

chemical properties describe interactions with ___________

A

different forms of matter

146
Q

def: any property that depends on the amount of the substance

A

extensive property

147
Q

analytical techniques allow you to _______ and _____ a solutions solutes

A

separate and identify

148
Q

physical properties describe interactions with ___________

A

matter and energy

149
Q

we use ____ to identify multivalent metals

A

roman numerals

150
Q

def: a substance that easily absorbs large amounts of water from its surroundings, creating or maintaining a state of dryness in the area

A

desiccant

151
Q

def: refers to how easily or how quickly a substance undergoes a chemical reaction

A

reactivity

152
Q

a mixture is either a _____ phase or a _____ phase made up of more than one chemical species

A

single-phase or multiphase

153
Q

def: a separation technique in which rapidly spinning a sample in a centrifuge creates the force necessary to cause sedimentation

A

centrifugation

154
Q

temperature remains constant during changes of state in an ideal substance because heat added turns into ______

A

potential energy

155
Q

def: the temperature at which liquid completely changes state into a gas, at atmospheric pressure

A

boiling point

156
Q

def: a sealable device filled with desiccants, capable of absorbing excess water, either to dry something or to protect it from moisture

A

desiccator

157
Q

def: a substance made up of only one chemical species, having only one type of particle, cannot be seperated by physical means

A

pure substance

158
Q

intensive properties remain ______ for a given substance, regardless of the amount

A

constant

159
Q

if potential energy does not change but kinetic energy increases, then internal energy _______

A

increases

160
Q

in simple distillation, the vapour enters the ______ immediately

A

condenser

161
Q

def: the separation of a solid form a liquid by carefully pouring out the liquid portion while leaving behind the solid portion of a solid-in-liquid mixture

A

decantation

162
Q

def: any compound that does not contain carbon, with a few exceptions

A

inorganic compound

163
Q

rf = migration distance of analyte/migration distance of solvent front
column or planar chromatography?

A

planar

164
Q

def: the removal of a solvent from a dissolved solid via evaporation, leaving behind only the solid

A

drying

165
Q

def: either a gas or liquid solvent flowing through the system

A

mobile phase

166
Q

simplest way to isolate the components of a heterogeneous mixture is to…..

A

manually separate them (if you can)

167
Q

what are two categories of chromatography, based on how the stationary phase is arranged

A

planar chromatography and column chromatography

168
Q

def: a measure of how much space and object occupies

A

volume

169
Q

def: the fluid that passes through the filter medium

A

filtrate

170
Q

while filtration works nicely on _______, you can also filter some colloids

A

suspensions

171
Q

def: the simples pure substance, made of either: individual, identical atoms or molecules of identical atoms

A

element

172
Q

ions with the most oxygens get the prefix and ending of…

A

per- -ate

173
Q

changes in volume directly affect _______

A

potential energy

174
Q

what are the two factors that influence vapour pressure?

A

volatility and temperature

175
Q

what do you call it when a gas turns to plasma?

A

ionization

176
Q

the ration of two ______ properties of the same material is itself an _______ property

A

extensive, intensive

177
Q

def: the temperature at which solid changes state into a liquid, at atmospheric pressure

A

melting point

178
Q

def: any ion carrying a negative charge

A

anion

179
Q

no increase in temperature means no increase in _____, despite the substance gaining heat

A

kinetic energy

180
Q

all materials have unique _________

A

properties

181
Q

what counteracts the centrifugal force?

A

inertia

182
Q

the more volatile the solvent, the _____ it evaporates

A

easier

183
Q

def: the rapid vaporization of a liquid that is heated to its boiling point, occurring throughout the liquid

A

boiling

184
Q

what do you call it when a gas turns into a liquid?

A

condensation

185
Q

what’s the difference between sediments and to sediment?

A

sediments are the sold particles that sink

to sediment is to undergo sedimentation

186
Q

def: the device or apparatus that carries out the separation

A

chromatograph

187
Q

what do the 2 axes in a heating curve designate?

A 
x-axis = heat added to an object
y-axis = temperature
188
Q

def: an electrically neutral, high-energy fundamental state of matter, composed of positive ions and free electrons, formed by ionizing a gas, through either high temperature or high voltage

A

plasma

189
Q

def: any ion derived from a single atom

A

monoatomic

190
Q

def: a group of atoms who bond together through electron sharing and covalent bonds, collectively need to gain or lose one or more electrons

A

polyatomic ion

191
Q

what do you call it when a liquid turns into a gas?

A

vaporization

192
Q

non-metals that have become anions end in…

A

-ide

193
Q

what do you call it when a gas turns into a solid?

A

deposition

194
Q

def: the solutes we are trying to identify using chromatography

A

analytes

195
Q

name three types of manual separation

A

hand separation
with sieves
with magnets

196
Q

higher temperature = higher _________

A

kinetic energy

197
Q

def: a comparative measure of energy, proportional to the average kinetic energy of an object’s particles

A

temperature

198
Q

def: different structural arrangements of a single element, creating materials with unique sets of properties

A

allotropes

199
Q

def: an attraction between ions of opposite electrostatic charges

A

ionic bond

200
Q

def: the energy an object or particle has because of its motion, energy that is currently doing work

A

kinetic energy

Ekin

201
Q

colloids and suspensions both contain ________

A

insoluble particles

202
Q

volatile substances have relatively low________

A

boiling points

203
Q

def: any ion with a positive charge

A

cation

Chemistry 11 (6 decks)

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