Chapter 2 - The Nature of Matter Flashcards
def: a specialized flat-bottomed funnel sits atop a side-arm Erlenmeyer flask connected to vacuum source, low pressure inside the flask sucks the filtrate through the filter
vacuum filtration
def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the difference in chemical properties, requiring a chemical reaction, thus forming a new substance
chemical separation
def: the pressure exerted by a vapour on its remaining liquid, at a given temperature
vapour pressure
binary ionic compounds contain…
one metal and one non-metal
def: a ratio comparing the progress an analyte makes across the stationary phase to the progress the solvent makes, for that analyte, in that solvent, on that stationary phase.
retention factor
what four terms are used to describe chromatography?
analytes, mobile phase, stationary phase and chromatograph
what are 3 properties of a non-metal?
- poor conductors
- most gases
- lower density
- brittle in solid form
how well an analyte dissolves in a gaseous mobile phases depends on its ______ and its ______-
boiling point and volatility
def: describes a system made up of more than on phase
hetergenous
def: the scattering of light as it reflects off the insoluble particles of a colloid or a fine suspension
Tyndall effect
def: the total energy contained within an object, representing the sum of all the particles kinetic and potential energies
internal energy (U)
Ekin + Epot = U
def: an inorganic that included water molecules within its crystal lattice, with a definite ratio of water and salt
hydrate
def: the characteristics of a material that allow the material’s description and identification
properties
def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity - the major component
WHAT THE SOLUTE DISSOLVES INTO
solvent
name 3 factors that influence reactivity?
temperature, chemical bonds and concetration
you can recognize the formula of a binary compound because it contains only ________
two capital letters
when buoyancy is greater than gravity, indicates…?
positive buoyancy
def: oppositely charges ions held together by ionic bond, an electrical attractive force
ion pair
def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydroxide anions and that generates a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water
base
what are the disadvantages of decantation?
- only works in suspensions
- some liquids stay behind
- its almost impossible to not lose any solid
def: any compound that contains only two elements, in any ratio
binary compound
ions with the second most oxygens get the ending of…
-ate
def: the simplest way to filter, best for suspensions with large particles, filter medium is semi-permeable
gravity filtration
def: the slow vaporization of a liquid from its surface when that liquid is below its boiling point
evaporation
any compound containing only non-metals is a ______ compound
covalent
in suspensions, the solid particles have _______ buoyancy, because of larger size and density
negative buoyancy
fractional distillation repeats the _______________ cycle multiple times
vaporization-condensation
def: any ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide
salt
as a centrifuge spins, the container feels a _______ force
centripetal
def: any property that depends on the nature of the substance, rather than the amount
intensive property
stronger attraction between fluid’s particles = _____ buoyancy
more buoyancy
simple distillation can only separate solids or liquids whose boiling points are _______
sufficiently different
def: an increase of volume (increase in Epot) as temperature increases (increase in Eki)
thermal expansion
def: energy that transfers between objects of different internal energies, observable as difference in temperature
heat
def: a relative expression of a substance’s tendency to vaporize
volatility
ions with the fewest oxygens get the prefix and ending of…
hypo- -ite
def: the change in energy when a specific quantity of substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen
heat of combustion
preparative techniques allow you to ______ the components of a solution
purify
def: only applies to molecules, causes changes to bonds length and angles, relative movement of atoms within a molecule
vibrational energy
___________ distillation can improve the separation of liquids whose boiling points are too similar
fractional
def: a procedure for separating the components of a mixture by exploiting differences in either physical or chemical properties
separation technique
def: a decrease in volume (decrease in Epot) as temperature decreases (decrease in Ekin) as internal energy decreases
thermal contraction
what do you call it when a solid becomes a liquid?
melting
def: a technique for separating components from a liquid containing mixture using selective vaporization and condensation
distillation
def: made up of more than one element, molecules or ion paires
compound
def: the amount of heat required to change a specified amount of substance from a liquid to a gas, at its boiling point
heat of vaporization
Hv
alloys are ________ solutions
solid-in-solid
def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more that one type of particle, can be separated by physical means
mixture
def: the solid left over in the reboiler after distillation
residue
what are the three common states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
def: when you can or need to filter small volumes of liquid, attach wheel filter to a syringe and use syringe to suck the mixture through wheel
syringe filtration
heat of fusion represents the difference in ______ energy between solid and liquid states
potential
def: a type of homogenous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase, where one or more substances dissolve into another
solution
intensive and extensive describe _____ properties exclusively
physical
def: any metal that has multiple possible ionic charges
multivalent metal
what are the three classification of elements?
metals, non-metals, metalloids
how well an analytes dissolves in a liquid mobile phase depends on its _______
solubility
heat will continue transferring until ________
the temperatures of the objects are equal
if you want a more or less buoyant fluid, what do you have to do?
get a new fluid
when objects gain _____, that added energy transforms into either kinetic energy or potential energy
heat
when gravity is greater than buoyancy, indicates…?
negative buoyancy
def: a compound made up of one or more cations and one or more anions
ionic compound
def: manually selecting and separating each phase of a mixture one by one
manual separation
what are 4 different ways of classifying matter?
- qualitative
- quantitative
- extensive
- intensive
def: a solid over or through which the mobile phase flows
stationary phase
def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water (aq)
aqueous solution
def: refers to a substance that contains no water
anhydrous
we typically separate colloids using ______
centrifugation
what are the advantages of decantation?
- quick and easy
- can collect either solid or liquid phase
def: only applies to molecules, causes the molecules to rotate around one of its three axes, doesn’t affect bonds
rotational energy
def: the separation of a solid from a fluid by passing the mixture through a filter medium, which blocks and collects the solid, while allowing the liquid or the gas through
filtration
def: any of a substance’s properties that arise as a result of a chemical reaction, where a new substance forms, or that describe a substance’s tendency to react
chemical property
what are 3 properties of metalloids?
- properties from both groups
- semi-conductors
def: a method for separating different solutes in a solution bases on their relative solubilities in two liquids that don’t mix
solvent extraction
in fractional distillation, a _______ is place between the reboiler and the condenser
fractionating column
you can use distillation to separate liquids from other liquids or ______ solids
dissolved
def: the change in energy when elemental atoms combine to form a compoud
heat of formation
buoyancy depends on…
the strength of the attraction between the fluids particles
what are 3 components of a distillation apparatus?
reboiler, condenser and receiver
changes in kinetic energy reflect changes in particle ______
movement
def: an upward force exerted by a fluid on any object immersed in that fluid, which acts in opposition to gravity’s downward pull
buoyancy
separating particles that attract each other require an ____ in ______ energy
increase in potential energy
def: a compound formed of molecules, atoms held together sharing electrons
covalent compound
rf = migration time of analyte/migration time of solvent
column or planar chromatography?
column
what are the two different types of chromatography?
analytical and preparative
def: the sharing of electrons between atoms, holding the atoms together to form a molecule
covalent bond
what are the four key points of the KMT?
- all matter is made of tiny particles
- there is empty space between the particles
- the particles are always moving
- energy makes the particles move
def: describes a system made up of only one phase
homogenous
def: the solid left over on the filter medium after filtration
residue
like decantation, filtration doesn’t work on _______
solutions
what are 3 properties of metals?
- conductive
- malleable
- ductile
- highly lustrous
def: physical material made up of atoms, everything with a mass and volume
matter
increase in energy is proportional to ________
number of particles
def: the gas that forms from a substance that boils above room temperature
vapour
def: applied to both atoms and molecules, causes particles to move in a straight line from one place to another
translational energy
ions with the second fewest oxygens get the ending of…
-ite
def: the amount of heat required to melt a specified amount of substance at its melting point
Heat of fusion
Hf (joules/gram)
in colloids, the solid particles are not ___________ for gravity’s pull to overcome buoyancy’s push
large enough or dense enough
def: any compound that contains carbon and usually hydrogen, with a few exceptions
organic compound
def: an atom that is electrically charged because on an imbalance between the number of protons and the number of electrons
ion
pure substances require one chemical species, not one _____
phase
def: a group of two or more atoms held together by the covalent bonds, a sharing of electrons between atoms
molecule
def: a type of heterogenous mixture, containing multiple chemical species in multiple phases, specifically insoluble solid particles that are large enough to settle out
suspension
def: the simplest and smallest unit of mass that maintains the properties of the substace
atom
when light passes through a colloid, the light ______
scatters in some parts
def: the part of the solution that exists in the smaller quantity - the minor component
THE PART THAT IS DISSOLVING
solute
what is the most useful chemical property?
reactivity
def: the liquid that condenses and collects in the distillation receiver
distillate
def: any part of a system that is uniform in composition and in properties, making it visually distinct from the rest of the system
phase
def: the study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter
chemistry
def: any property of a substance that can be measured or described without creating a new substance
physical property
def: the change of state from a liquid to a gas
vapourization
what are three variations of filtration
- gravity filtration
- vacuum filtration
- syringe filtration
def: a measure of how much matter an object contains
mass
def: the collective term for various techniques that separate the solutes of a solution based on their different interactions between a fluid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase
chromatography
def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydrogen cations and who generates a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water
acid
def: the energy an object or particle has because of its position relative to others, energy that is stores that has the potential to do work, but that isn’t currently
potential energy
Epot
what are the three types of buoyancy?
- negative buoyancy
- positive buoyancy
- neutral buoyancy
def: an element that has only one possible ionic charge
single-valent element
def: any polyatomic ion that contains a non-metal atom and some number of oxygen atoms according to the general formula AxOy^z-
oxyanions
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, having microscopic (1 nm to 1000 nm) dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance
colloid
binary covalent compounds contain…
two non-metals
def: the process of particles in suspension settling out of the fluid in which they find themselves in response to a force acting upon them
sedimentation
when gravity and buoyancy are balanced, indicates…?
neutral buoyancy
def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the differences in physical properties without forming a new substance
physical separation
what do you call it when a liquid turns into a solid?
freezing
def: any ion carrying a positive charge
cation
is boiling point intensive or extensive?
intensive
when potential energy increases, separation between particles _______
increases
def: any ion with a negative charge
anion
def: a mixture containing one or more metals
alloy
what do you call it when a solid becomes a gas?
sublimation
if solid particles rise to the top of a fluid, how can we separate them?
using the skimming method
what do you call it when plasma turns into a gas?
recombination
def: an alternating arrangement of anions and cations, positioning positives net to negatives and avoiding any side-by-side like charges
ionic crystal lattice
def: scientific theory that explains the behaviour of particles as their kinetic energy changes
kinetic molecular theory (KMT)
centripetal forces are directed towards where?
the centre of rotation
when an ideal substance changes state, its temperature ________
doesn’t change
what are the 3 different categories of kinetic energy and how do they move?
translational
rotational
vibrational
what are the first two classifications of matter?
pure substance
mixture
changes in potential energy reflect changes in particle _______
separation
if a gas continues to gain energy, increase in temp. and electrons separate from their atoms, what state is achieved?
plasma
what are the two types of pure substances?
element, compound
def: refers to an individual substance and all the particles of that substance
chemical species
chemical properties describe interactions with ___________
different forms of matter
def: any property that depends on the amount of the substance
extensive property
analytical techniques allow you to _______ and _____ a solutions solutes
separate and identify
physical properties describe interactions with ___________
matter and energy
we use ____ to identify multivalent metals
roman numerals
def: a substance that easily absorbs large amounts of water from its surroundings, creating or maintaining a state of dryness in the area
desiccant
def: refers to how easily or how quickly a substance undergoes a chemical reaction
reactivity
a mixture is either a _____ phase or a _____ phase made up of more than one chemical species
single-phase or multiphase
def: a separation technique in which rapidly spinning a sample in a centrifuge creates the force necessary to cause sedimentation
centrifugation
temperature remains constant during changes of state in an ideal substance because heat added turns into ______
potential energy
def: the temperature at which liquid completely changes state into a gas, at atmospheric pressure
boiling point
def: a sealable device filled with desiccants, capable of absorbing excess water, either to dry something or to protect it from moisture
desiccator
def: a substance made up of only one chemical species, having only one type of particle, cannot be seperated by physical means
pure substance
intensive properties remain ______ for a given substance, regardless of the amount
constant
if potential energy does not change but kinetic energy increases, then internal energy _______
increases
in simple distillation, the vapour enters the ______ immediately
condenser
def: the separation of a solid form a liquid by carefully pouring out the liquid portion while leaving behind the solid portion of a solid-in-liquid mixture
decantation
def: any compound that does not contain carbon, with a few exceptions
inorganic compound
rf = migration distance of analyte/migration distance of solvent front
column or planar chromatography?
planar
def: the removal of a solvent from a dissolved solid via evaporation, leaving behind only the solid
drying
def: either a gas or liquid solvent flowing through the system
mobile phase
simplest way to isolate the components of a heterogeneous mixture is to…..
manually separate them (if you can)
what are two categories of chromatography, based on how the stationary phase is arranged
planar chromatography and column chromatography
def: a measure of how much space and object occupies
volume
def: the fluid that passes through the filter medium
filtrate
while filtration works nicely on _______, you can also filter some colloids
suspensions
def: the simples pure substance, made of either: individual, identical atoms or molecules of identical atoms
element
ions with the most oxygens get the prefix and ending of…
per- -ate
changes in volume directly affect _______
potential energy
what are the two factors that influence vapour pressure?
volatility and temperature
what do you call it when a gas turns to plasma?
ionization
the ration of two ______ properties of the same material is itself an _______ property
extensive, intensive
def: the temperature at which solid changes state into a liquid, at atmospheric pressure
melting point
def: any ion carrying a negative charge
anion
no increase in temperature means no increase in _____, despite the substance gaining heat
kinetic energy
all materials have unique _________
properties
what counteracts the centrifugal force?
inertia
the more volatile the solvent, the _____ it evaporates
easier
def: the rapid vaporization of a liquid that is heated to its boiling point, occurring throughout the liquid
boiling
what do you call it when a gas turns into a liquid?
condensation
what’s the difference between sediments and to sediment?
sediments are the sold particles that sink
to sediment is to undergo sedimentation
def: the device or apparatus that carries out the separation
chromatograph
what do the 2 axes in a heating curve designate?
x-axis = heat added to an object y-axis = temperature
def: an electrically neutral, high-energy fundamental state of matter, composed of positive ions and free electrons, formed by ionizing a gas, through either high temperature or high voltage
plasma
def: any ion derived from a single atom
monoatomic
def: a group of atoms who bond together through electron sharing and covalent bonds, collectively need to gain or lose one or more electrons
polyatomic ion
what do you call it when a liquid turns into a gas?
vaporization
non-metals that have become anions end in…
-ide
what do you call it when a gas turns into a solid?
deposition
def: the solutes we are trying to identify using chromatography
analytes
name three types of manual separation
hand separation
with sieves
with magnets
higher temperature = higher _________
kinetic energy
def: a comparative measure of energy, proportional to the average kinetic energy of an object’s particles
temperature
def: different structural arrangements of a single element, creating materials with unique sets of properties
allotropes
def: an attraction between ions of opposite electrostatic charges
ionic bond
def: the energy an object or particle has because of its motion, energy that is currently doing work
kinetic energy
Ekin
colloids and suspensions both contain ________
insoluble particles
volatile substances have relatively low________
boiling points
def: any ion with a positive charge
cation
