Chapter 2 - The Nature of Matter Flashcards
def: a specialized flat-bottomed funnel sits atop a side-arm Erlenmeyer flask connected to vacuum source, low pressure inside the flask sucks the filtrate through the filter
vacuum filtration
def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the difference in chemical properties, requiring a chemical reaction, thus forming a new substance
chemical separation
def: the pressure exerted by a vapour on its remaining liquid, at a given temperature
vapour pressure
binary ionic compounds contain…
one metal and one non-metal
def: a ratio comparing the progress an analyte makes across the stationary phase to the progress the solvent makes, for that analyte, in that solvent, on that stationary phase.
retention factor
what four terms are used to describe chromatography?
analytes, mobile phase, stationary phase and chromatograph
what are 3 properties of a non-metal?
- poor conductors
- most gases
- lower density
- brittle in solid form
how well an analyte dissolves in a gaseous mobile phases depends on its ______ and its ______-
boiling point and volatility
def: describes a system made up of more than on phase
hetergenous
def: the scattering of light as it reflects off the insoluble particles of a colloid or a fine suspension
Tyndall effect
def: the total energy contained within an object, representing the sum of all the particles kinetic and potential energies
internal energy (U)
Ekin + Epot = U
def: an inorganic that included water molecules within its crystal lattice, with a definite ratio of water and salt
hydrate
def: the characteristics of a material that allow the material’s description and identification
properties
def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity - the major component
WHAT THE SOLUTE DISSOLVES INTO
solvent
name 3 factors that influence reactivity?
temperature, chemical bonds and concetration
you can recognize the formula of a binary compound because it contains only ________
two capital letters
when buoyancy is greater than gravity, indicates…?
positive buoyancy
def: oppositely charges ions held together by ionic bond, an electrical attractive force
ion pair
def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydroxide anions and that generates a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water
base
what are the disadvantages of decantation?
- only works in suspensions
- some liquids stay behind
- its almost impossible to not lose any solid
def: any compound that contains only two elements, in any ratio
binary compound
ions with the second most oxygens get the ending of…
-ate
def: the simplest way to filter, best for suspensions with large particles, filter medium is semi-permeable
gravity filtration
def: the slow vaporization of a liquid from its surface when that liquid is below its boiling point
evaporation
any compound containing only non-metals is a ______ compound
covalent
in suspensions, the solid particles have _______ buoyancy, because of larger size and density
negative buoyancy
fractional distillation repeats the _______________ cycle multiple times
vaporization-condensation
def: any ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide
salt
as a centrifuge spins, the container feels a _______ force
centripetal
def: any property that depends on the nature of the substance, rather than the amount
intensive property
stronger attraction between fluid’s particles = _____ buoyancy
more buoyancy
simple distillation can only separate solids or liquids whose boiling points are _______
sufficiently different
def: an increase of volume (increase in Epot) as temperature increases (increase in Eki)
thermal expansion
def: energy that transfers between objects of different internal energies, observable as difference in temperature
heat
def: a relative expression of a substance’s tendency to vaporize
volatility
ions with the fewest oxygens get the prefix and ending of…
hypo- -ite
def: the change in energy when a specific quantity of substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen
heat of combustion
preparative techniques allow you to ______ the components of a solution
purify
def: only applies to molecules, causes changes to bonds length and angles, relative movement of atoms within a molecule
vibrational energy
___________ distillation can improve the separation of liquids whose boiling points are too similar
fractional
def: a procedure for separating the components of a mixture by exploiting differences in either physical or chemical properties
separation technique
def: a decrease in volume (decrease in Epot) as temperature decreases (decrease in Ekin) as internal energy decreases
thermal contraction
what do you call it when a solid becomes a liquid?
melting
def: a technique for separating components from a liquid containing mixture using selective vaporization and condensation
distillation
def: made up of more than one element, molecules or ion paires
compound
def: the amount of heat required to change a specified amount of substance from a liquid to a gas, at its boiling point
heat of vaporization
Hv
alloys are ________ solutions
solid-in-solid
def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more that one type of particle, can be separated by physical means
mixture
def: the solid left over in the reboiler after distillation
residue
what are the three common states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
def: when you can or need to filter small volumes of liquid, attach wheel filter to a syringe and use syringe to suck the mixture through wheel
syringe filtration
heat of fusion represents the difference in ______ energy between solid and liquid states
potential
def: a type of homogenous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase, where one or more substances dissolve into another
solution
intensive and extensive describe _____ properties exclusively
physical
def: any metal that has multiple possible ionic charges
multivalent metal
what are the three classification of elements?
metals, non-metals, metalloids
how well an analytes dissolves in a liquid mobile phase depends on its _______
solubility
heat will continue transferring until ________
the temperatures of the objects are equal
if you want a more or less buoyant fluid, what do you have to do?
get a new fluid
when objects gain _____, that added energy transforms into either kinetic energy or potential energy
heat
when gravity is greater than buoyancy, indicates…?
negative buoyancy
def: a compound made up of one or more cations and one or more anions
ionic compound
def: manually selecting and separating each phase of a mixture one by one
manual separation
what are 4 different ways of classifying matter?
- qualitative
- quantitative
- extensive
- intensive
def: a solid over or through which the mobile phase flows
stationary phase
def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water (aq)
aqueous solution
def: refers to a substance that contains no water
anhydrous
we typically separate colloids using ______
centrifugation
what are the advantages of decantation?
- quick and easy
- can collect either solid or liquid phase
def: only applies to molecules, causes the molecules to rotate around one of its three axes, doesn’t affect bonds
rotational energy
def: the separation of a solid from a fluid by passing the mixture through a filter medium, which blocks and collects the solid, while allowing the liquid or the gas through
filtration
def: any of a substance’s properties that arise as a result of a chemical reaction, where a new substance forms, or that describe a substance’s tendency to react
chemical property
what are 3 properties of metalloids?
- properties from both groups
- semi-conductors
def: a method for separating different solutes in a solution bases on their relative solubilities in two liquids that don’t mix
solvent extraction
in fractional distillation, a _______ is place between the reboiler and the condenser
fractionating column
you can use distillation to separate liquids from other liquids or ______ solids
dissolved
def: the change in energy when elemental atoms combine to form a compoud
heat of formation
buoyancy depends on…
the strength of the attraction between the fluids particles
what are 3 components of a distillation apparatus?
reboiler, condenser and receiver
changes in kinetic energy reflect changes in particle ______
movement
def: an upward force exerted by a fluid on any object immersed in that fluid, which acts in opposition to gravity’s downward pull
buoyancy