chapter 7, socialization and crime

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

process of human development and enculturation. socialization is influenced by key processes and institutions

Question 2

social process theory

Answer 2

view criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and process in society

Question 3

society learning theory

Answer 3

view people learn to be aggressive by observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts

Question 4

social control theory

Answer 4

view that people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken

Question 5

social reaction theory (labelling theory)

Answer 5

view that people become criminals when labelled as such and they accept the label as an identity

Question 6

differential association theory

Answer 6

view that people commit crime when their social learning needs lead them to perceive more definitions favouring crime thats favouring conventional behaviour

Question 7

culture conflict

Answer 7

result of exposure to opposing norms attitudes and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral

Question 8

neutralization theory

Answer 8

view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enables them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behaviour

Question 9

drift

Answer 9

movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values

Question 10

neutralization techniques

Answer 10

methods of rationalizing deviant behaviour, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim

Question 11

self-control

Answer 11

a strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms

Question 12

commitment to conformity

Answer 12

strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals and processes that prevents people from engaging in jeopardizing behaviour

Question 13

social bonds

Answer 13

ties that bind people to society, including relationships with friends/family/neighbours/teachers/employers. elements of social bonds include commitment/attachment/involvement/belief

Question 14

stigmatize

Answer 14

to apply negative labelling with enduring effects on a persona self image and social interactions

Question 15

moral entrepreneur

Answer 15

person who creates moral rules, which thus reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

Question 16

reflective role taking

Answer 16

assuming an identity based on the actual/perceived appraisals of others

Question 17

retrospective reading

Answer 17

reassessment of a persons past to fit a current generalized label

Question 18

primary deviance

Answer 18

norm violation or crime with little or no long-term influence on violator

Question 19

secondary deviance

Answer 19

norm violations or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label with long term consequences for the violators self identity and social interactions

Question 20

deviance amplification

Answer 20

process where secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream of society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance apprehension, labelling, and criminal self identity

Question 21

diversion programs

Answer 21

programs of rehab that remove offenders from normal channels of criminal justice process, avoiding the stigma of criminal label

Question 22

restitution

Answer 22

permitting offender to repay victim or do useful work in a community rather than face the stigma of a formal trial and court ordered sentence