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A&P > Chapter 7 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

frontal bone

A

forehead

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2
Q

parietal bones

A

upper sides of the skull

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3
Q

temporal bones

A

temple area

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4
Q

occipital bone

A

back of the head

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5
Q

sphenoid bones

A

outside the eyesocket

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6
Q

ethmoid bones

A

inside the eye socket

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7
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw

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8
Q

palatine bones

A

roof of mouth

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9
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones

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10
Q

lacrimal bones

A

inside the eye socket with grooves for tears

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11
Q

nasal bone

A

bridge of nose

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12
Q

vomer bone

A

divides the nostrils

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13
Q

inferior conchae

A

lower sides of nose

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14
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw

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15
Q

ossicles of middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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16
Q

hyoid bone

A

in the neck; point of attachment for the tongue

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17
Q

vertebral column

A

cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum, coccyx

C1-atlas
C2-axis

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18
Q

sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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19
Q

true ribs

A

first seven attached to sternum

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20
Q

false ribs

A

next three indirectly attached to sternum

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21
Q

floating ribs

A

last two not attached to sternum

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22
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

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23
Q

scapulae

A

shoulder blades

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24
Q

humerus

A

upper arm

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25
Q

forearm

A

radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)

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26
Q

carpals

A

wrist

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27
Q

metacarpals

A

palms; 1-5 thumb-pinky

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28
Q

phalanges

A

fingers and toes; proximal, middle, distal

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29
Q

coxal bonés

A

hips

ilium (upper), ischium (sitting bone), pubis (pubic area)

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30
Q

femur

A

thigh

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31
Q

patella

A

knee cap

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32
Q

tibia

A

weight bearing

pairs with fibula

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33
Q

fibula

A

small bone that forms the outer ankle

pairs with tibia

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34
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle bones and heel

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35
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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36
Q

metatarsals

A

instep; 1-5 big toe-little toe

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37
Q

What are the five functions of bones?

A

support/framework, protection, movement, storage of nutrients, blood cell formation

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38
Q

What word means the production of blood and blood cells?

A

hematopoiesis

39
Q

What types of bones have a long longitudinal axes and expanded ends?

A

long bones

40
Q

What types of bones have roughly equal length and width?

A

short bones

41
Q

What type of bones are typically small and nodular and develop within a tendon or adjacent to a joint?

A

sesamoid (round) bones

42
Q

What type of bones have platelike structures with broad surfaces?

A

flat bones

43
Q

What type of bones have a variety of shapes and usually are connected to several other bones?

A

irregular bones

44
Q

What is the end of a long bone called? (proximal and distal)

A

epiphysis

45
Q

What covers the ends of bones at joints (slippery)?

A

articular cartilage

46
Q

What is the shaft or middle of the bone called?

A

diaphysis

47
Q

What is fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone?

A

periosteum

48
Q

What is dense bone tissue?

A

compact bone

49
Q

What is bone tissue with lots of pores?

A

spongy bone

50
Q

What are branching bony plates in spongy bone?

A

trabeculae

51
Q

What is in the diaphysis of a long bone and contains bone marrow?

A

endosteum

52
Q

What is connective tissue and bone that includes stem cells?

A

marrow

53
Q

What does red marrow do?

A

produce blood cells

54
Q

What does yellow marrow do?

A

store fat

55
Q

blast

A

bud

56
Q

carp

A

wrist

57
Q

clast

A

break

58
Q

inter

A

among, between

59
Q

intra

A

inside

60
Q

poie

A

make, produce

61
Q

What are bones that originate between membrane-like layers of connective tissue?

A

intramembranous bones

62
Q

What is a bone that begins as hyaline cartilage and subsequently replaced by bone tissue?

A

endochondral bone

63
Q

What is the formation of bone?

A

ossification

64
Q

What is the primary ossification center?

A

the diaphysis

65
Q

What are the secondary ossification centers?

A

the epiphysis

66
Q

What is the embryonic skeleton made mostly of?

A

hyaline cartilage

67
Q

How many bones are you born with and how many do they form into?

A

300 into 206

68
Q

What are membranous regions between cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant?

A

fontanels

69
Q

What’s another name for fontanels?

A

soft spots

70
Q

Why do babies have fontanels?

A

to allow the skull to compress slightly during birth and allow room for brain growth

71
Q

Where does bone growth take place?

A

epiphyseal plate

72
Q

What happens to epiphyseal plates overtime?

A

they ossify and turn to bone

73
Q

If in epiphyseal plate is damaged before it ossifies, what may occur?

A

bone growth may prematurely cease

74
Q

What are bone forming cells?

A

osteoblasts

75
Q

What are cells that break down bone matrix?

A

osteoclasts

76
Q

What controls the growth of long bone?

A

hormones

environment can also effect:sunlight, exercise, nutrition, etc.

77
Q

When does bone growth end?

A

when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted to bones

78
Q

Why do we need vitamin D?

A

for calcium absorption

79
Q

What is a vitamin D deficiency in children called?

A

rickets

80
Q

What is a vitamin D deficiency in adults called?

A

osteomalacia

81
Q

why do we need vitamin A?

A

it is necessary for osteoblast and osteoclast activity

82
Q

Why do we need vitamin C?

A

it is required for collagen synthesis which gives bones strength

83
Q

How do you the sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen, promote bone growth?

A

they cause bones to grow during puberty

84
Q

How does exercise promote bone growth?

A

physical exercise pulls on muscular attachments to bones which stresses the bone and stimulates it to thicken and strengthen

85
Q

What is it called when a broken bone is exposed to the outside by an opening in the skin?

A

a compound fracture

86
Q

What is it called when a broken bone is not exposed to the outside?

A

a simple fracture

87
Q

What is an incomplete fracture where the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone?

A

greenstick fracture

88
Q

What is an incomplete longitudinal break called?

A

fissured fracture

89
Q

What is a complete fracture that fragments the bone?

A

comminuted fracture

90
Q

What is a complete fracture where the break a curse at a right angle to the axis of the bone?

A

transverse fracture

91
Q

What is it called when a break occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the bones axis?

A

oblique fracture

92
Q

What type of break is caused by excessive twisting of a bone?

A

spiral fracture

93
Q

List the steps in the repair of a fracture.

A
  1. Blood escape from the ruptured vessels and forms a hematoma.
  2. Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage in distant regions.
  3. A hard callus replaces the fibrocartilage.
  4. Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure.

A&P (4 decks)

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