Chapter 7 Review Flashcards
Chromosomes
Carry genetic information
Genes
Heredity passes from the parent to the child
Human genome
The sets of chromosome pairs
Nucleotides
Nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three things: A nitrogenous base, which can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine
Purines
a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation
Guanine
A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.
Adenine
a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.
Pyrimidines
a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties.
a substituted derivative of pyrimidine, especially the bases thymine and cytosine present in DNA.
Cytosine
a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.
Thymine
a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
Double helix
The structure formed by double stranded dna
Replication
The replication of dna. (Inheritance)
Law of independent assortment
the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene.
Linked genes
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction
Recombination
the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.
Crossing over
the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
Genetic engineering
the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes
Sex chromosomes
a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.
Autosome
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Sex linked traits
A particularly important category of genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y sex chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for some other characteristics as well. Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.
Sex limited traits
DescriptionSex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and remain ‘turned off’ in the other.
Sex influenced traits
DescriptionSex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and remain ‘turned off’ in the other. In other words, sex-limited genes cause the two sexes to show different traits or phenotypes, despite having the same genotype.
Genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
Karyotype
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species
Nondisjunction
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
Monosomy
Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome from a pair. Partial monosomy occurs when only a portion of the chromosome has one copy, while the rest has two copies.
Trisonomy
A genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of a chromosome instead of two.
Polyploidy
Polyploidy is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
