Chapter 7: Respiration in Humans Flashcards
1
Q
aerobic respiration
A
- release of energy by breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen, CO2 & water released as waste products
- release LARGE amounts of energy
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
2
Q
anaerobic respiration
A
- release of energy from the breakdown of glucose in absence of O2
- releases small amounts of energy
glucose -> lactic acid
- energy released helps muscles keep contracting
- insufficient oxygen to meet vigorous muscle contraction- incur oxygen debt
3
Q
oxygen debt
A
amt of oxygen required to remove lactic acid
4
Q
how to remove oxygen debt
A
- continuation of fast heart rate
- continued and fast rate of transport lactic acid from muscles to liver
- oxygen from lungs to liver
- continuation of deeper & faster breathing
- continues & fast intake of oxygen by lungs
- sufficient oxygen required to remove lactic acid from blood
5
Q
gas exchange
A
exchange of gases between an organism and the environment
6
Q
Nose
A
7
Q
Trachea
A
8
Q
Bronchi & Bronchioles
A
9
Q
Alveoli (air sacs)
A
10
Q
how r lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange
A
- numerous alveol: large surface area
- wall of alveolus: only one cell thick -> short diffusion distance for gases & higher rate of diffusion
- thin film of moisture covering inner wall of alveolus: oxygen to dissolve in it
- walls of alveoli: richly supplied w blood capillaries , flow of blood maintains concentration gradient of gases
11
Q
how is O2 transported ard body
A
high O2 concentration:
- oxygen binds w haemoglobin in RBC -> oxyhaemoglobin
- oxygenated blood transported from lungs to other parts of body
low O2 concentration:
- oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to spring cells
12
Q
inhalation
A
13
Q
exhalation
A
14
Q
effects of nicotine
A
- increases heartbeat rate & blood pressure
- increases risk of blood clots -> increased risk of coronary heart disease
15
Q
effects of carbon monoxide
A
- binds irreversibility with haemoglobin
- reduces ability to transport oxygen
16
Q
effects of tar
A
- increases risk of lung cancer
- causes uncontrolled cell division
17
Q
chronic bronchitis
A
- epithelium lining of air passages (bronchi) becomes inflamed
- excessive mucus secreted by epithelium
- cilia on epithelium paralysed, cannot remove mucus & dust particles
- air passages become blocked , breathing: difficult
- peristaltic coughing occurs to clear air passages -> increases risk of lung infections
18
Q
emphysema
A
- persisting & violent coughing due to bronchitis -> emphysema
- partition walls between alveoli breakdown due to persistent & violent coughing
- decreased surface area for gaseous exchange
- lungs lose elasticity & becomes inflated with air
- breathing becomes difficult, wheezing & severe breathlessness
- lead to chronic obstructive lung disease
19
Q
lung cancer
A
- uncontrolled cell division of cells producing outgrowths or lumps of tissues
