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Medical Terminology 2024 > Chapter 7: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Andrology

A

Andr/o = male + -logy = study of.
study of males, usually in regard to fertility issues.

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2
Q

Urology

A

Ur/o = urinary system + -logy = study of.
study of the urinary system; many of men’s health issues are treated by a urologist.

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3
Q

Genitalia

A

term that means reproductive organs. It is made up of two types of tissue: parenchymal and stromal.

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4
Q

parenchymal tissue

A

does the work of the system. In this case, the parenchymal tissue of the male reproductive system is the male gonad, the testicle, which produces the male gamete, the spermatozoa. The testes produce the sperm through the process of spermatogenesis

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5
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

(spermat/o = sperm + -genesis = production),

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6
Q

Testosterone

A

(test/o = testis + ster/o = steroid + -one = hormone)
Testosterone is produced in the interstitial cells of the testicles beginning in puberty.

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7
Q

Stromal tissue

A

is supportive; it includes the numerous glands that provide fluid for the spermatozoa, the vessels that provide a blood supply, the ducts that carry sperm out of the body, and the nerves that provide the innervation to the structures involved.

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8
Q

Gonad/o

A

combining form for gonad, the general term for a sex organ. In the male it’s the testis or testicle; in the female it is the ovary.

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9
Q

test/o, testicul/o, orchid/o, orch/o, and orchi/o.

A

combining forms for the testicles

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10
Q

Seminiferous in seminiferous tubules

A

is built from the combining form for semen, semin/i, and the suffix -ferous, meaning to bear or to carry.

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11
Q

semin/i

A

combining form for semen.
Semen is the combination of sperm and the fluid in which it is bathed

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12
Q

spermatogenesis.

A

production of sperm
Spermat/o = sperm + -genesis = production.

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13
Q

scrot/o.

A

The combining form for the sac that holds the testicles outside of the body

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Epididym/o

A

combining form for the vessels that store the sperm

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16
Q

vas/o and duct/o

A

are used to represent the vas (or ductus) deferens.

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17
Q

vesicul/o

A

combining form for the seminal vesicles

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18
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate
The seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands (also called Cowper’s glands), and prostate gland (combining form prostat/o) provide fluid for the nutrition and motility (movement) of the sperm.

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19
Q

Cowper’s glands

A

bulbourethral glands

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20
Q

Pen/i and phall/o

A

combining forms for the penis.

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21
Q

balan/o

A

combining form for the glans penis

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22
Q

preputi/o Posth/o

A

the foreskin.

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23
Q

sexual intercourse

A

Two other terms that are synonyms are coitus and copulation.

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24
Q

Anorchism

A

An- (no, not, without) + orch/o (testicle) + -ism (condition). A condition of no testicle. It may be stated as unilateral (pertaining to one side) or bilateral (pertaining to two sides). The fertility of an individual is not compromised if one testicle remains.

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25
Q

Chordee

A

chord/o = cord) is a congenital defect resulting in a downward curvature of the penis due to a fibrous band (cord) of tissue along the corpus spongiosum.

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26
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Crypt- (hidden) + orchid/o (testicle) + -ism (condition). A condition of a “hidden” or undescended testicle.

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27
Q

Epispadias

A

is an abnormal condition of the opening of the urethra on the dorsum of the penis (epi- meaning above, or on top of).

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28
Q

Hypospadias

A

A synonym is hyperspadias. Hyper- (above) + -spadias (condition of a rent or tear).
Hypo- (under) + -spadias (condition of a rent or tear). This is an abnormal condition of the opening of the urethra on the underside (ventral side) of the penis.

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29
Q

Phimosis

A

Phimosis literally means “to muzzle.” This is a condition, usually congenital, of a tightening of the foreskin over the glans penis. This tightening restricts the flow of urine and semen from the urinary meatus. The correction is a circumcision (circum- = around, -cision = processing of cutting).

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30
Q

Aspermia

A

A- (no, not, without) + sperm/o (spermatozoa) + -ia (condition). Aspermia is a condition of no sperm AND no semen being emitted during ejaculation. This one is a little tricky, because there is no reference to semen in the term itself.

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31
Q

Azoospermia

A

A- (no, not, without) + zo/o (animal) + sperm/o (spermatozoa) + -ia (condition). Azoospermia is a condition of no living sperm (animal life!) in the semen. This is a desired condition in individuals who have had a vasectomy.

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32
Q

Oligospermia

A

condition of scanty sperm. This may be a reason for a couple’s infertility.

33
Q

Hydrocele

A

protrusion in the scrotum due to an accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis. Hydr/o (fluid, water) + -cele (herniation, protrusion).

34
Q

Varicocele

A

abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord. Varic/o [varices (swollen, twisted veins)] + -cele (herniation, protrusion).

35
Q

Epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis (epididym/o = epididymis), the area in which sperm are stored above the testes.

36
Q

Orchitis

A

inflammation of the testes (orch/o = testis) and may or may not be associated with the mumps virus. A synonym is testitis.

37
Q

Prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate gland (prostat/o = prostate).

38
Q

Vesiculitis

A

inflammation of the seminal vesicles (vesicul/o = seminal vesicle).

39
Q

Balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis (balan/o = glans penis).

40
Q

Testicular torsion

A

twisting of a testicle on its spermatic cord, usually because of trauma.

41
Q

Gynecomastia

A

female like breast tissue in a male.

42
Q

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

inability to achieve or sustain a penile erection.

43
Q

Priapism

A

abnormally prolonged erection.

44
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

also called benign prostatic hypertrophy). Hyper- = excessive + -plasia = condition of formation, development. An overgrowth of prostatic tissue, although benign and characteristically not prone to spread, can cause the urethra to be narrowed or closed. It is a common disorder in men older than 50 years of age.

45
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Gon/o = seed + -rrhea = flow, discharge. Gonorrhea is a term that has changed its meaning over time. A sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea is marked by a mucopurulent (mucous- and pus-filled) discharge. Initially, it was thought that this discharge was of semen, containing sperm. Hence the use of gon/o, meaning seed. Gonorrhea is caused by the gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, which can infect the urethra, prostate, rectum, and pharynx. In women, it can involve the cervix and fallopian tubes and may be asymptomatic (a- = no, not, without), meaning that it has no symptoms.

46
Q

Syphilis

A

Syphilis is a multistage sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete, Treponema pallidum. The first sign of this disease may be a painless red pustule, called a chancre, that usually appears on the genitals.

47
Q

Herpes genitalis (HSV-2)

A

HSV-2 is a form of the herpesvirus that is spread through sexual contact. It causes painful vesicular (blister-like) eruptions.

48
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

HPV is a virus that causes warts of the hands, feet, and mucous membranes. Genital warts are referred to as condyloma (pl. condylomata).

49
Q

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

A

NGU is an inflammation of the urethra (urethr/o = urethra + -itis = inflammation); it is named by what it is NOT caused by (gonorrhea). The pathogens that do cause it are Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

50
Q

Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors (Germ cell tumors (GCT))

A

Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors are benign tumors that arise from the stromal tissue of the testes that produce hormones.

51
Q

Seminoma

A

A seminoma is developed from the cells that form sperm.
Note that both are malignant, even though the ending is not -sarcoma or -carcinoma. The majority of testicular cancer cases are nonseminoma and occur in younger males (15–35 years of age).

52
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A

formal term for prostate cancer. Unfortunately, it is currently diagnosed in one of six men.

53
Q

Malignant teratoma

A

Terat/o = monster + -oma = tumor. A teratoma is a type of tumor that is named for its unusual appearance. Because it is composed of germ cells, it has half of the genetic information to form an individual. Another name for a teratoma is a dermoid cyst.

54
Q

DRE

A

Each of these can be used to detect an enlargement of the prostate gland.
A DRE is a digital rectal examination, in which a gloved finger is inserted into the rectum to palpate the prostate.

55
Q

PSA

A

A PSA is a blood test to test for increased levels of an antigen that may indicate prostate cancer. PSA stands for prostate-specific antigen.
Each of these can be used to detect an enlargement of the prostate gland.

56
Q

Transrectal sonography

A

Transrectal sonography is the use of high-frequency sound waves to image the prostate. Trans = through, across + rect/o = rectum + -al = pertaining to. The transducer (the unit that is inserted into the rectum) makes its images through the rectum.

57
Q

Gram stain

A

The gram stain is used to detect gonorrhea (note that they both start with a “g”!). The FTA-ABS stands for a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test and is used to diagnose syphilis.

58
Q

FTA-ABS

A

The FTA-ABS stands for a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test and is used to diagnose syphilis.

59
Q

VDRL

A

The VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) is a test done to screen for syphilis. Although not as reliable as the FTA-ABS, it is cheaper and faster, and it is used to identify individuals who need to return for a more definitive test.

60
Q

TSE

A

testicular self-examination.

61
Q

Sperm analysis

A

A sperm analysis (also called a sperm count or semen analysis) is a laboratory procedure done to evaluate the condition and number of sperm in a sample. It is done as part of a fertility evaluation.

62
Q

Epididymovesiculography

A

imaging of the epididymis and seminal vesicle using contrast medium.

63
Q

Penile plethysmography

A

(plethysm/o = volume + -graphy = process of recording) is the measurement of changes in the volume of the penis.

64
Q

Orchidectomy

A

Orchid/o (testis) + -ectomy (removal). An orchidectomy is the removal of one or both testicles. Again, this would be stated as unilateral (for one side) or bilateral (for two sides).

65
Q

Orchiopexy

A

Orchi/o (testis) + -pexy (fixation). An orchiopexy is a fixation or suspension of a testicle. This is the standard procedure done for cryptorchidism, in which a testicle needs to be moved from the abdominopelvic cavity and fixed in place in the scrotum.

66
Q

Circumcision

A

surgical procedure in which the prepuce of the penis is excised.

67
Q

Castration

A

removal of both gonads.

68
Q

Sterilization

A

Sterilization is the process of rendering a male or female unable to conceive a child while retaining the gonads.

69
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vas/o (vas deferens or ductus deferens) + -ectomy (removal). A vasectomy is the cutting, tying, and burning shut of the ends of both vas deferens.

70
Q

Vasovasostomy

A

Vas/o (vas deferens) + vas/o (vas deferens) + -stomy (new opening). A vasovasostomy is a reversal of a vasectomy, in which a “new” opening is made between previously cut, tied, and burned shut ends of the vas deferens.

71
Q

Prostatectomy

A

Prostat/o (prostate gland) + -ectomy (removal). A prostatectomy is a removal of the prostate gland.

72
Q

TUIP

A

TUIP stands for transurethral incision of the prostate gland. Trans- = through + urethr/ = urethra + -al = pertaining to. This procedure involves a series of incisions that are made through the urethra into the prostate gland in order to reduce its pressure on the urethra. It is NOT removed in this procedure.

73
Q

TURP

A

TURP stands for transurethral resection of the prostate. Again, transurethral means through the prostate, but here the prostate is removed (resection). This is an extremely common procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

74
Q

Ablation

A

Ablation is a general term meaning removal of tissue by a variety of means: surgical, chemical destruction, electrocautery, radiofrequency energy, and through the use of a cryo (extreme cold) probe

75
Q

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections (such as syphilis). Examples are penicillin G, tetracycline, and doxycycline.

76
Q

Antivirals

A

Antivirals are used to treat viruses. An example that has gotten a lot of media attention is Zovirax (acyclovir) to treat genital herpes.

77
Q

Antiimpotence agents

A

Antiimpotence agents are used to alleviate erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra) are the oral agents currently available. Alprostadil (Caverject) is injected directly in to the corpus cavernosum of the penis.

78
Q

Alpha-adrenergic inhibitors

A

Alpha-adrenergic inhibitors target alpha-1-adrenergic receptors to relax smooth muscle in the prostate to improve urinary flow. Examples include tamsulosin (Flomax) and terazosin (Hytrin).

79
Q

Androgen hormone inhibitors

A

Androgen hormone inhibitors block the conversion of testosterone to the more potent hormone 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to suppress growth of and even shrink the enlarged prostate. Examples include finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart).

Medical Terminology 2024 (7 decks)

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