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Medical Terminology 2024 > Chapter 5: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Aliment/o

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2
Q

or/o, stom/o, stomat/o

A

Oral Cavity

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3
Q

labi/o, cheil/o

A

Lips

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4
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheeks

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5
Q

gloss/o, lingu/o

A

Tongue

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6
Q

palat/o

A

patate

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7
Q

dent/i, odont/o

A

teeth

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8
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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9
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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10
Q

sialanden/o

A

salivary glands

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11
Q

sial/o

A

saliva

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12
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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13
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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14
Q

gastro

A

stomach

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15
Q

cardio/o

A

heart/cardia

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16
Q

fund/o

A

fundus

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17
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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18
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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19
Q

plic/o

A

plicae

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20
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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21
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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22
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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23
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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24
Q

appendic/o, appecd/o

A

appendix

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25
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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26
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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27
Q

an/o

A

anus

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28
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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29
Q

lob/o

A

location/lobes

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30
Q

bil/i

A

bile

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31
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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32
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

large intestines

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33
Q

enter/o

A

small intestines

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34
Q

adnexa

A

accessory organs

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35
Q

cholecysto/o

A

gallbladder

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36
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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37
Q

Dyspepsia

A

a condition that causes discomfort in the upper abdomen and impaired digestion.

dys- abnormal pepsia-digestion

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38
Q

Eructation

A

The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. Eructation is usually caused by a buildup of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed.

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39
Q

Halitosis

A

Halitosis, also known as bad breath, is a medical term for an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth

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40
Q

Pyrosis

A

Pyrosis, or heartburn, is when a burning sensation is felt in the chest from stomach acid that has traveled back into the esophagus. Pyrosis is caused when the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus does not work properly.

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41
Q

Hiccup/singultus

A

the medical term for hiccups, which are a common reflex that involves the sudden contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

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42
Q

Hematemesis

A

vomiting blood, which can be a sign of internal bleeding in the upper digestive tract. Blood can appear bright red, or it can be darker and coagulated, similar to coffee grounds.

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43
Q

Constipation

A

a common condition that occurs when it’s difficult to pass stools or bowel movements are infrequent

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44
Q

obstipation

A

is a severe form of chronic constipation that occurs when someone is unable to pass stool or gas due to a blockage of hard, dry stool in their bowels. It can cause abdominal pain, swelling, and sometimes diarrhea.

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45
Q

Hematochezia

A

a condition where fresh blood passes through the anus during a bowel movement, usually mixed in with stool.

hemato-blood chezia-elimination of waste

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46
Q

Melena

A

Melena is a medical term for black, tarry stools that indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It’s caused by blood that remains in the colon long enough to be broken down by bacteria, which gives the stool its dark color.

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47
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

a chronic gastrointestinal condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements

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48
Q

Congenital disorder

A

A congenital disorder, also known as a birth defect, is a condition that is present at birth and can affect a child’s appearance, body function, or both. Congenital disorders can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, and some can be identified before birth, at birth, or later in life.

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49
Q

Cleft palate

A

a birth defect that occurs when the roof of a baby’s mouth doesn’t form completely, leaving an opening between the nose and mouth.

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50
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

is a rare birth defect in which a baby is born without part of the esophagus

atresia-missing

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51
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

a rare birth defect that occurs when nerves in the intestine don’t develop properly, resulting in a blockage of stool in the bowels:

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52
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

a rare condition in infants that occurs when the pylorus, the valve between the stomach and small intestine, narrows. This prevents food from passing through normally, leading to a number of symptoms

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53
Q

Aphthous Stomatitis

A

also known as canker sores, is a common condition that causes painful ulcers to develop in the mouth.

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54
Q

Cheilitis

A

a medical condition that causes inflammation of the lips.

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55
Q

Cheilosis

A

a condition that causes inflammation and cracking of the corners of the mouth.

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56
Q

Malocclusion

A

a dental condition that occurs when the upper and lower teeth are not properly aligned, or when there is an irregular contact between the teeth when the jaws close.

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57
Q

Dental Caries

A

also known as tooth decay or cavities, is a disease that occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acid that breaks down teeth

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58
Q

Dental Plaque

A

a sticky film of bacteria that builds up on teeth and gums. It’s a normal part of oral health, but it can lead to serious problems if left untreated

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59
Q

Herpetic stomatitis

A

viral infection of the mouth that causes sores and ulcers

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60
Q

Leukoplakia

A

a condition that causes abnormal white or gray patches to develop in the mouth, usually on the gums, tongue, cheeks, or under the tongue.

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61
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

62
Q

Pyorrhea

A

Bacterial infection of the gums

63
Q

Achalasia

A

a rare swallowing disorder that affects the muscles in the esophagus, making it difficult to move food from the mouth to the stomach.

64
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

65
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

a condition that develops when there is a retrograde flow of stomach contents back into the esophagus

66
Q

Gastralgia

A

Stomachache

67
Q

Gastritis

A

a condition that causes inflammation of the stomach lining.

68
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

Sore in the stomach or duodenum

69
Q

Appendicitis

A

a medical emergency that occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed, swollen, and infected

70
Q

Acute peritonitis

A

a life-threatening condition that involves inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue lining the abdominal wall and organs.

71
Q

anal fissure

A

a small tear in the thin, moist tissue that lines the anus.

72
Q

anorectal abscess

A

swelling around the anus and a constant, throbbing pain with swelling.

73
Q

hemorrhoid

A

swollen veins in the anus and rectum that can cause discomfort and sometimes bleeding

74
Q

proctitis

A

Inflammation inside your rectum

75
Q

pruritus ani

A

anal itching

76
Q

Colitis

A

a chronic or acute inflammation of the colon’s lining.

77
Q

Crohn disease

A

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.

78
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

a group of lifelong diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines.

79
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes ulcers and inflammation in the colon and rectum

80
Q

Diverticulosis

A

a condition where small pouches, or diverticula, form in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, usually in the large intestine.

81
Q

Diverticulitis

A

a gastrointestinal condition that occurs when small pouches, or diverticula, in the large intestine become inflamed or infected.

82
Q

Fistula

A

an abnormal connection between two parts of the body, such as an organ, blood vessel, or intestine, that usually results in an abnormal flow of fluid.

83
Q

Ileus

A

a condition that occurs when the intestines are unable to move food and waste through the body normally.

84
Q

Cirrhosis

A

a chronic liver disease that occurs when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, which prevents the liver from functioning properly.

85
Q

Hepatitis A

A

a highly contagious liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness

86
Q

Hepatitis B

A

a viral infection that affects the liver and can be either acute or chronic

87
Q

Hepatitis C

A

a viral infection that affects the liver and can be life-threatening.

88
Q

Jaundice

A

a condition that causes the skin and eyes to appear yellow or greenish due to high levels of bilirubin in the body.

89
Q

Pancreatitis

A

a condition that causes inflammation of the pancreas

90
Q

Cholangitis

A

a condition that causes inflammation of the bile duct system, which is responsible for transporting bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine

91
Q

Cholecystitis

A

a condition that causes inflammation of the gallbladder,

92
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

when you have a gallstone in your common bile duct

93
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

the medical term for gallstones

94
Q

Femoral hernia

A

rare type of hernia found in the thigh

95
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm

96
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

a bulge or lump that occurs when tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles and into the groin area

97
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

a condition that occurs when the abdominal wall near the belly button is damaged, allowing abdominal fat or parts of the intestine to protrude through

98
Q

Incarcerated hernia

A

a part of the intestine or abdominal tissue that becomes trapped in the sac of a hernia

99
Q

Strangulated hernia

A

occurs when the hernia contents are ischemic due to a compromised blood supply

100
Q

Cystadenoma

A

a benign epithelial tumor predominated by unicystic or multicystic growth

101
Q

Leiomyoma

A

a benign tumor that can grow in any organ, but most commonly occurs in the uterus, esophagus, or small bowel.

102
Q

Odontogenic tumor

A

abnormal growths that develop in the jaw or teeth,

103
Q

Polyps, adenomatous, hyperplastic

A

a small, abnormal growth of tissue that can appear in various parts of the body, such as the nose, intestines, or uterus.

104
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Cancer that forms in the glandular tissue, which lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids.

105
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma

A

pertaining to or affecting liver cells.

106
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

a cancer that starts in the squamous cells that make up the skin, eyes, and other parts of the body

107
Q

Barium enema (BE)

A

a radiographic (X-ray) exam that uses a liquid called barium to help make the colon and rectum visible on an X-ray.

108
Q

Barium swallow (BaS)

A

is a radiology exam that uses an X-ray and a chalky-tasting liquid to examine the upper GI tract

109
Q

Cholecystography

A

a medical imaging procedure that uses an X-ray to evaluate the gallbladder and biliary ducts

110
Q

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A

a procedure that uses a combination of X-ray and an endoscope to diagnose and treat issues with the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile ducts

111
Q

Computed tomography scan (CT)

A

a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

112
Q

Endoscopy

A

a medical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the body using an endoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

113
Q

Manometry

A

a pressure measurement technique that can be used to evaluate the movement and pressure of the esophagus, anus, or nose

114
Q

Sonography

A

a painless non-invasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce visual images of organs, tissues, or blood. flow inside the body.

115
Q

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC/PTCA)

A

a procedure that uses X-rays to examine the bile ducts and biliary tract

116
Q

Biopsy

A

a medical procedure that removes tissue or cells from the body to examine for signs of disease or damage

117
Q

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

A

an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, and brain that can be measured in a blood test

118
Q

Stool culture

A

a lab test that analyzes a stool sample for the presence of bacteria or other germs that can cause infection or disease.

119
Q

Stool guaiac/hemoccult test

A

a lab test that analyzes a stool sample for the presence of bacteria or other germs that can cause infection or disease.

120
Q

Total bilirubin

A

a combination of direct and indirect bilirubin

121
Q

Anastomoses

A

a connection between two things that are usually branching or diverging, such as blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.

122
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Weight loss surgery

123
Q

Colostomy

A

a surgical procedure that creates an opening in the abdomen to divert part of the large intestine (colon) to the outside of the body.

124
Q

Enema

A

a medical procedure that involves introducing liquid or other substances into the rectum to help with bowel movements

125
Q

Gastrectomy

A

a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the stomach

126
Q

Hemorrhoidectomy

A

a surgical procedure that removes hemorrhoids, which are swollen veins in the anus or anal area

127
Q

Herniorrhaphy

A

a surgical procedure that repairs a hernia, which occurs when an organ pushes through a weak area in the abdominal wall:

128
Q

Laparoscopic surgery

A

a surgical procedure that uses small incisions to diagnose and treat conditions in the abdomen or pelvis

129
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

a surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder

130
Q

Trocar

A

a surgical instrument with a three-sided cutting point enclosed in a tube, used for withdrawing fluid from a body cavity.

131
Q

Laparotomy

A

a surgical procedure that involves making a large incision in the abdomen to access the peritoneal cavity and examine the abdominal organs

132
Q

Ligation

A

the surgical procedure of closing off a blood vessel or other duct or tube in the body by means of a ligature or clip

133
Q

Lysis of adhesions

A

a surgical procedure that removes or breaks down scar tissue that forms between organs or tissues.

134
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

a medical procedure that involves inserting a flexible plastic tube through the nose and into the stomach

135
Q

Paracentesis

A

a procedure that involves removing fluid from the abdomen using a needle or catheter.

136
Q

Odontectomy

A

a surgical procedure to remove an impacted tooth, such as a wisdom tooth.

136
Q

Pyloromyotomy

A

a surgical procedure that treats pyloric stenosis by cutting the pyloric muscle to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine

137
Q

Polypectomy

A

a surgical procedure to remove a polyp, which is an abnormal tissue growth on a mucous membrane.

138
Q

Stomatoplasty

A

a surgical procedure that involves the repair or plastic surgery of the mouth or other openings in the body

139
Q

Gastric gavage

A

also known as stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is a procedure that removes stomach contents using a tube.

140
Q

Enteral nutrition

A

a method of delivering nutrients and fluids to the body through the digestive system.

141
Q

Parenteral nutrition

A

also known as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or intravenous feeding, is a method of delivering nutrients directly into a vein to bypass the digestive system.

142
Q

Hyperalimentation

A

A form of nutritional support that is given directly into the bloodstream through a catheter placed into a vein.

143
Q

Anorexiants

A

drugs that act on the brain to suppress appetite.

144
Q

Antacids

A

medicines that counteract (neutralise) the acid in your stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn.

145
Q

Antidiarrheals

A

name given to certain types of medicines that stop or slow diarrhea.

146
Q

Antiemetics

A

drugs that treat nausea and vomiting

147
Q

Cathartics

A

purgative drug.

148
Q

Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA’s)

A

also known as H2 blockers, are a class of drugs that reduce gastric acid production and are used to treat a variety of conditions:

149
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

a class of drugs that reduce stomach acid production to treat and prevent conditions like acid reflux, ulcers, and damage to the esophagus:

Medical Terminology 2024 (7 decks)

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