Chapter 7: relationship between acquisition retrieval and implicit memories Flashcards
How is learning preparation for retrieval?
there are different ways to retrieve information from memory
-learning connects new memory with existing memory
-these retrieval paths help us learn new material - to locate info we need to travel from one memory to next until you reach target
-starting point is crucial for successful retrieval
What is context dependent learning?
dependent on the state the learner is in during acquisition
-scuba drivers memorized words underwater and on land and were tested underwater or on land and found did better in words recalled when test environment matched study environment
What is the mental context vs physical location study?
leanring and testing in different rooms
rooms vary by appearance sounds and scent
1. learned and tested in same room
2. learned in one room teste din ther
3. learned in ine room tested in the other but urged them to think about the 1st room before recall and try to remmeber how it looked and make them feel
-particiapnts in #3 did as well as #1 and oth 1 and 3 did better than 2
What is context dependent learning?
the benefits of context dependent leanring to ememory cna be gained by context reinstatement recreating the context thoughts and feelings present during learning
What is encoding specificity?
refers to remembering btoh the materials to be learned and the context fo those materials
-materials are better recongized if they appear in the same context
-the man lifted the piano vs the man tuned the piano
-one cue will help recall something heavy or a nice sounds
When viewing or remembering or hearing a picture or sound do the same brain regions activate when your remember them?
yes
What is the network model of memory?
memory can be thought of as a avast network of ideas and ideas represented as nodes connected to each other via associations or associative links
-semantic networks
What is spreading activation in memory network?
memory network os biologically inspired
-spreading activation travels from one activated node to another in a network via associative links
-a nodes activation level increases with increasing input in neighboring nodes
-subthreshold activation can accumulate
-the nodes fire if the response threshold os reached
-activated neighboring nodes and draws attention to firing node
What are retrieval cues?
network suggest an explanation for why hints
What is testing semantic priming - lexical decision task?
-pair of strings - respond YES if both are words
-otherwise NO
-some pairs had related words bread and butter
-if semantic priming works as suggested
the response tie is quicker if the first word primes the second word compared to no priming
What are different forms of memory testing - recall?
-an individual generates the memory after being given a broad cue identifying the information sought
requires memory search and depends on memory connections
-information is presented and the individual must decide if it is the sought after information - recognition task relies on source memory
What is source memory?
-refers to recalling the source of the learned information such as knowledge of when or where something was learned
In the absence of source memory what is it substituted by?
-familiarity - remember and familiar are quite different concepts
How are familiarity and source memory are independent?
familiarity without source memory
-watching a movies with the actors that looks familiar but cannot remember his name nor a movie you saw with him
source memory without familiarity
-capgras syndrome in which loved ones are recognized without a sense of familairity
How are familiarity and source memory are distinguished neuroanatomically?
-the remember know distinction
-participants asked to judge whether a particular item was encountered or if they had a feeling of familiarity
-familairity rhinal cortex
-remember posterior hippocampus
What is implicit memory?
-memories we are not consciously aware of
-revealed by indirect memory testing such as a priming task
-unconscious awareness
What is explicit memory?
-revealed by direct memory testing such as recall or a standard recognition test
-conscious awareness
For HM and Korsakoff’s patients what was their implicit memory like?
-HM received brain surgery to control epilepsy lost the ability to form new explicit memories
-Korsakoff syndrome patients are also profoundly amnesic
-HM and korsakoff patients have unconscious memories that can be tested indirectly
-example 1: procedural memories - playing golf
-example 2: via the mirror drawing task
Implicit memory encompasses what?
procedural memory - knowing how for skills
priming - changes in perception in belief caused by previous experience
perceptual learning - recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience
classical conditioning - learning about associations among stimuli
Explicit memory encompasses what?
episodic memory - memory for specific events
semantic memory - general knowledge not tied to any time or place
What are some indirect memory tests for implicit memory?
-look at how a second encounter yields different responses than the first encounter
-priming can be considered an implicit memory of first encounter
What is repetition priming?
lexical decision task to test repetition priming effects
-read through a list of words checking for spelling errors
-indicate if string is a word
-some words are from the list and some are not
-lexical decisions are faster if the word has been seen recently even if participants have no recollection of the first exposure tested by recognition test
What is the word stem completion task?
tests repetition priming effects
-read through a list of words checking for spelling errors
-participants are given a string of letters and are asked to produce a word beginning with this string for example CLA evokes responses such as clam class or clatter
-words from the list they read are more likely to be used in this task without conscious memory of seeing them
Can implicit memories exist without explicit memories?
yes amnesic patients have procedural memory and preferring a musical melody that they had been exposed to before and there is a priming effect
