Chapter 6: Memory, Acquisition and Working Memory System

Question 1

What memory deficits did HM have?

Answer 1

he had anterograde and partial retrograde amnesia due to removal of the hippocampus
-cannot form new memories and had memory loss for 11 years prior to surgery

Question 2

What memory deficits did clive wearing have?

Answer 2

amnesia from a viral infection - he was unable to form new memories and he could remember skill sets like hot to play music and his wife
-can remember wife due to emotional connection he has with wife

Question 3

What was riley horners amnesia?

Answer 3

kicked in head while crowd surfing taken to emergency room and told she was okay but thought the next day for three months was june 11
-memory rest every few hours
-when you go have a concussion they do a ct scan which is a 3d X-ray but did not do fmri and that was needed cause there is issue with functional connectivity and blood getting to Brian cause ct scan showed no structural anomaly like for Clive and hm which showed structural dmaage while Riley’s brain did not have correct function due to issues with blood supply

Question 4

In riley’s treatment what was the healthy neurovascular coupling used?

Answer 4

-this is the process of coordinating oxygen supply to active neurons active neurons dilate local blood vessels and increase the supply of oxygen and glucose
-in a healthy brain there is a very efficient system that delivers blood to the exact region of the brain that is being used at the time
-NVC helps the brain sustain an activity by providing additional oxygenated blood to brain cells so they can continue walking

Question 5

What is dysregulation in NVC?

Answer 5

many cognitive processes like memory processing are time consuming and they require a consistent supply of fresh and oxygenated blood
-when fresh oxygen is not consistently and accurately supplying the brain those congnitive processes stop working until it is resupplied
-NVC dysregulation is one of the root causes of concussion symptoms

Question 6

What tool is used to measure NVC?

Answer 6

fmri

Question 7

How is NVC dysregulation diagnosed?

Answer 7

allen and fong have an fmri protocol which is combined with a battery of congitive tests
-this is designed the test battery and the testprotocol
-tested the battery on 60 healthy volunteers to create a normative fmri map for each task

-patients with post concussion syndrome perform the test battery in the fmri scanner and their results are then compared with normative maps to assess the deficits
-this assessment allows to create custom treatment protocol

Question 8

What is the matrix reasoning task in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 8

-visual processing task
-non verbal problem solving using a 3x3 array of visually complex figures with one figure missing
-subject is then instructed to select the best match for the missing figure among four candidate figures by pressing a designated button

Question 9

What is the functional trail making test in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 9

-measures cognitive flexibility and working memory
-must make a trail of letters and numbers in screen in order

Question 10

What is the functional picture naming test in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 10

-assesses semantic object recognition
-displays line drawings of common objects for a period of 1.5 seconds each
-subjects are instructed to silently identify each object upon presentation
-based on boston picture naming test used to assess problems with object recognition

Question 11

What is the face memory test in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 11

-LTM
-memorize colorized photographs of unfamilair faces an dinformed that they will be required to identify some of the faces later - 20 faces presented twice in randome order for 3s
-recongition accuracy is recorded on a post scan test

Question 12

What is the verbal memory test in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 12

short term verbal memory
subject views a series of 8 common words for 1s and is instructed to silently memorize the words as they appear
subjects are given 12 additional seconds after all words have been presented to recall as many as possible

Question 13

What is the verbal fluency test in the cognitivefx test battery?

Answer 13

letter based fluency test
silenelty generate as many words possible in 20s with a 1st common given letter

Question 14

How is NVC restored?

Answer 14

-push brain with targeted activities
-can be done by strategically combining physical and cognitive exercise in a week of intensive therapy
-physical exercise is important cause of blood supply and blood vessels
-cognitive and motor exercises are done to target the parts of brain experiencing problems

Question 15

How long does enhanced performance in cognition take?

Answer 15

-thought to take 3-6 months but is a 1week course extended to 2 weeks for cases like rileys - treated patients in 2017 - treated over 1000 patients
-patients receive 26 hours of therpay and meet with trainers and therapists and each patients has treatment unique to injury

Question 16

What is the information processing view of memory?

Answer 16

-one way to frame learning and memory
=acquisition - the process of gaining information and placing it into memory
-storage - holding the info in memory until needed
retrieval - locating the needed info and bringing it into active use

-analogy to creating storing and opening a computer file

Question 17

What are two problems with the file storage analogy?

Answer 17

-new learning is grounded in previously learned or stored knowledge - acquisition and storage and interconnected
-effective learning depends on how the information will be retrieved later
-acquisition and retrieval are interconnected

Question 18

What is the modal model of memory?

Answer 18

information comes then sensory memory then short term memory maintain via rehearsal and go to long term memory and then retrieve from long term memory to short term memory

Question 19

What are some key modifications to the modal model of memory?

Answer 19

1. stm and wm is understood as a status or processing system rather than a place
2. retrieval does not involve movement back into the WM

-Short term memory is not a location and is more than just storage and is a system or mechanisms that allows us to keep some data available for our cognitive processes to use - very easy to get information into working memory and easy to lose it - long term. Memory has huge capacity and is very effortful to move that information into long term memory and is reliable and can keep information for a long time

Question 20

What are valid modal model components?

Answer 20

-separation of wm and ltm
-limited capacity of wm
-large size and permanence of ltm
-moving info into and out of wm is easy
-moving info into and out of ltm requires effort
-contents of working memory are quite fragile

Question 21

What are some updates to the WM of the modal model?

Answer 21

wm is a dynamic short term storage
less stirage and more like a status or system
-currently activated ideas or thoughts being worked on

Question 22

What are differences between WM and LTM?

Answer 22

WM
-duration - temporary fragile
capacity - limited
ease of entry - easy
ease of retrieval - easy

LTM
-duration - long lasting
capacity - enormous
ease of entry - effortful
ease of retrieval - can be difficult slow or unsuccesful

Question 23

What is an experiment that support the modal model?

Answer 23

WM and LTM are the same thing or 2 different things
-participants study a long series of words - 30 words 1 word per sec
-free recall memory test
-which words do they remember better in the beginning, in the middle or the end for the list

primacy effect
-better memory for the first few items relative to the middle items - LTM

recency effect
-better memory for the last few items
-last few items are not displaced by future items in WM

Question 24

What is the recency effect?

Answer 24

-last few items in WM - earlier items replaced by subseuqent items

Question 25

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 25

-memory rehersal - increases chance ealrier items make it to LTM

Question 26

How were primacy and recency effect claims tested?

Answer 26

-manipulation of WM should affect the recall of recency items but not items presented earlier in the list -delaying recall with a different task displaces content in WM -early items not affected because depend on LTM -30 second filled delay there is an effect but not for 30 second unfilled delay for rececy effect and WM -make presentation rate slower at 9s vs 3s effects the pre recency items

Question 27

What is sensory memory task?

Answer 27

-dont know what row will ask doesnt mean you remmebered whole grid second time around -no matter what row partiicpnats asked to recall could get it - sensory mmeory is very short and are able to record all 12 letters

Question 28

What is the function of working memory?

Answer 28

-cognitive system with a limited capacity that combines temporary storage and processing information we are focused on in the moment -all mental tasks require wm and wm is used whenever multiple elements or ideas are combined or compared in mind -indiivudals can differ in wm capacity

Question 29

What is the working memory capacity digit span task?

Answer 29

-participants hear a series digits and must repeat back -list is increased till memory fails -the number of digits the person can echo back wihtout errors is persons digit span -using this task average wm capacity is estimated at 7 plus or minus 2 items - these are the george miller chunks

Question 30

What is chunking?

Answer 30

-the ability to condense information -requires effort but reduces the wm load -does not increase the wm capacity but allows more information to be stored

Question 31

What are the working memory components ?

Answer 31

central executive -> visuo-spatial sketchpad -> episodic buffer -> phonological loop -conceptualized to have four components have three components that process specific information so have a visuaspatial sketch pad which is info ou see and phonologically is sound information and episodic buffer is sequential information and central xceutive is in control of this whole system so four processes in working memory model - so can remember a word visually or by sound so phonological and try to remember it as a sequence of events or order is important or sequence of word s or number then this is the episodic buffer

Question 32

Is working memory a place?

Answer 32

-where in the brain is this place and have different working memory mappings an this covers the whole brain and have different memory networks and have problem solving memory network and visual and postal and each one is distributed because it goes through the whole brain and no wonder when people suffer memory issues after concussion anywhere in the Brian cannot supply blood have a problem with memory -Working memory activates the processes that are a combination of processes that are used in different ways for a different cognition for something else

Question 33

What are the two types of rehearsal for entering LTM storage?

Answer 33

maintenance rehearsal -reciting -thinking about the material in mechanical way -keep an item in the wm relational or elaborative rehearsal -linking -repeated exposure does not gurantee memory -thinking about the material in terms of meaning relating the items to each other and to what one already knows -creates connections necessary to establish the LTM

Question 34

What is the need for active encoding?

Answer 34

How does information get transferred from working memory to long term memory in order for information to get transferred we have to process it - recall task and see how many words remembered and look ate neuroimaging data and see what is happening in brain when looking at words remembered and compare activity to brain for words not remembered - found two areas in the Brian left inferior pfc and left medial temporal lobe and increased activation shows the graphs - these two regions the left inferior pfc and the left medial temporal love had greater activity for remembered words

Question 35

What is incidental learning and intentional learning?

Answer 35

incidental learning - learning in the absence of an intention to learn intentional learning - deliberate with the expectation that memory will later be tested

Question 36

Does intention to learn improve learning?

Answer 36

Participants presented 24 words in 4 conditions 1. learn as many words as you can 2. does word have an e 3. how many letter sin word 4. how pleasant is the word -then asked to recall as many as they can best for learning and how pleasant the word is - in order to asses the emotions you have for a word you have to really think about it so this is really deep processing so it creates memory conenctions -Intention does not help memorize but intention activates a greater depth of processing which does help you memorize but you can memorize juts as well without a great depth of processing -We have memory networks that we created for these words and the network will be there when we try to recall so it will be very easy to remember the words

Question 37

What is another study that examines incidental learning and depth of processing?

Answer 37

-participants are presented with 24 words in 3 conditions -upper case or lower case -does the word ehyme with -does the semtyence fit in th word best is sentence fit - more depth of processing -then rhyme -then upper or lower

Question 38

What is the role of meaning and memory connections?

Answer 38

1. depth of processing effects are strong 2. intention to learn has little to no effect 3. intention to learn can lead you to choose a better strategy relying on deeper processing

Question 39

Why are memory connections important?

Answer 39

depth of processing promotes recall by facilitating later retrieval consider learning as a way to establish indexing which consist of a path to the information connections between to be remembered items memories and contexts facillitates retrieval

Question 40

What is a study which shows that elaborate encoding promotes retrieval?

Answer 40

-does the word fit in the setecne experiment with two condiitons simple sentences and complex sentences -complex sentences lead to richer retruval pathways

Question 41

What did Katona argue the key to creating coinnections in material is?

Answer 41

orgnaization -we memorize well when we find order in the material or impose it ourselves

Question 42

What is a mnemonic strategy that improves memory through organization?

Answer 42

PEMDAS

Question 43

How does mnemonic training reshape brain networks?

Answer 43

-assessed functional brian network organization of 23 of the worlds most succesful memory athletes and matched controls with fmri during both task free resting state basleine and active mmeory encoding -provide 6 weeks of mnemonic training to naive controls -identified functional connectviity chnages induced by training -training induced memory improvements in control group and persisted 4 months after training

Question 44

What is functional connectivity?

Answer 44

correlation between activation patterns -identifies areas of neurons that have high synchronization similar firing patterns -fmri divides the brain into 600,000, 2mm3 voxels -each voxel has a time course level activation at any time during scan - functional connectivity measured by correlation of time course -Calculated the time courses for each of the rows for each others enwtroks and did cross correlational matrix to see correlation of each - this is difference between athletes and controls and computed this for everybody and average for athletes and controls so athletes have more correlation so they have strong correlation in these component of network and controls -deafult mode -visual -medial temporal lobe -atheletes remember 70-80 words and normal people can do 40

Question 45

What is the method of loci memory palace?

Answer 45

-mental walk through a familiar place in order -imagine your house start with the front door -you need to have stops and locations to fit items in list -associate each item from list with location - imagine item there and visualize it -during recall mentally walk through your route the items placed there should come to memory when you get to stops or locations -Think of home and see what do I see when I denitrify in the door so create certain number of objects in home in order when you walk through it so associate place in home with this new word so imagine a duck on the bench and train them like this and visualize It and in memory bring up path and can remember it

Question 46

What is the mnemonic training?

Answer 46

-2 hrs intro course in mnemonic strats -method of loci and created loci route -40 days training at home with online program - 30mins per day -1st 2 weeks -build and memorize 3 loci routes and train random words memorization -next 4 weeks used 4 loci routes to memorize - random words and images -difficult level adjusted dynamically based on performance -weekly status meeting -behavioral performance after training -at the baseline 20 minutes and 72 words recall means athletes 70, controls 40 - group with mnemonic training improved from baseline -difference in organization of connectivity of the brains but it is trainable -No difference for active and passive and athletes but correlation for athletes and mnemonic training so the connectivity started to be closer in the trained people to what connectivity is In the atheletes - the correlation was predictive of performance so teh more their Brian changed the better they performed on the task

Question 47

How did mnemonic training reshape brain networks?

Answer 47

-6 weeks training resulted in previously naive controls performing similarly in recall task as athletes -FC changes induced by 6 weeks of mnemonic training were correlated with the network organization that distinguishes athletes from controls -the similarity of FC changes to athletes control difference predicted behavioral performance -memory performance improvements were sustained 4 months

Question 48

What is the contemporary view of working memory?

Answer 48

-WM is a set of basic processes that maintain information in an easily accessible state for brief periods of time by interactions with long term memory representations -attention is cornerstoen of wm processes -selectuve attention process operated in perception informatiokn and relaed ltm representations

Question 49

What are the building blocks of wm?

Answer 49

-delayed matched to sample task - participants is presented with 4x4 matrix and given time to study it -time delay -2 matrices are presented and participants needs to select which one was presented earlier -Participants see a pattern matrix and then delay and they see two matrices and have to pick which one they see before - there is an encoding process and need to pay attention and activate selective attention to focus on it -encoding info into the wm results from interactions among the selective attention and perceptual object representations that trigger related ltm object representations -when the perceptual info is not longer present sustained attention along with a rehersal process is crucial for mainatining info in wm -at retreival selectuve attention and pattern completion processes become engaged to macth the perceptyal informatiokn provided at the retrieval stage with info in wm --working memory focuses on an object - if you are trying to remember this you are looking at the shape and look at color rectangular square and all of these things are objects in long term memory - and you keep that in your memory and this is teh first process sin your working memory and this is known as encoding and now no longer have this visual input but need to keep this in your working memory so you remember it better and have to keep attention on keeping this matrix in your mind and have this magic and now need to keep it alive in your cognitive processing and for retrieval this is pattern completion recognition process and have condition so are selecting right ones and identifying it and this is the processes that are active for this match in retrieval stage - why is it interesting to identify these blocks of working memory - these are not specific to memory and they are the building blocks of cognition and this shows the distributed nature of working memory

Question 50

What is the component processes view of WM?

Answer 50

no processes are unique or specific to wm -wm results from various combo processes that in other constellation can be functionally described in other terms than working memory -wm is a particular state of a representation temporarily enhanced accesibility regardless of the kind of representation

Question 51

Can training improve wm?

Answer 51

-studies show that wm can be improved by certain training programs -training is associated with cortical and subcortical activation chnges as measured with fmri -pet based studies of the dopamine d1 and d2 systems have observed training related changes in cortical d1 receptors and in striatal d2 binding

Question 52

Does training related wm improvement generalize?

Answer 52

transfer after wm training has been observed in behavioral studies demanding wm training may even transfer to imrpove fluid intelligence the results of other studies have called into question the possibility of obtaining broad transfer after working memory training -large scale study of more than 11,000 participants indicated that this may be the case for cognitive or brain training in general -skill tranfer is retrictive to the process that has been ytrained by intervetion -more geral attention training can transfer more broadly -within working memory and even to general congiitve domains suchg as fluid intelligence and to reduce daily inattention in life

Question 53

Memory acquisition summary

Answer 53

memory is facilitated by orgnazing and understanding -what the memorizier was doing to memorize matters -background knowledge matters -acquisition storage and retrueval and not separable new learning is grounde din previous learning and effectuve learning depends on how the informaiton will be later retrieved

Question 54

How to study?

Answer 54

understand material fit material into what you know seem logical come up with questions on material expaon material -space leanring use mnemonics