Chapter 7 - Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main groups of amino acids

A
  • Nitrogen-containing amine group
  • A carboxylic acids
  • A side chain (rx)
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2
Q

What are the essential amino acids

A
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine
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3
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids

A
  • Alanine
  • Asparagine
  • Aspartate
  • Glutamate
  • Serine
  • Selenocysteine
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4
Q

What are the conditionally essential amino acids

A
  • Arginine
  • Cysteine
  • Glutamine
  • Glycine
  • Proline
  • Tyrosine
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5
Q

What determines if an amino acid is non essential

A

If they can be converted into an essential amino acids through transamination

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6
Q

What determines if an amino acid is conditionally essential

A

They are non-essential until the body can’t make enough of them

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7
Q

What is a complete protein

A

foods that have all nine amino acids,, if they are missing one or more essential amino acid they are considered incomplete amino acids

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8
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

The first level of a protein structure arises from adjacent amino acids bonding to each other through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

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9
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

Hydrogen bonds between two adjacent amino acids lead to the formation of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets

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10
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Interactions between amino acid side chains leads to further folding of the polypeptide chain. This may result in a functional protein

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11
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

Several proteins with a tertiary structure bind together to form the final protein

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12
Q

What is protein denaturation

A

A protein is considered denatured when it loses its folded three-dimensional structure. Caused by acids, head, agitation and cannot be undone

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13
Q

Describe protein digestion

A

protein undergoes only mechanical digestion in the mouth. In the stomach the protein is denatured by hydrochloric acid and it is digested by pepsin. In the small intestine the protein is further digested by proteases including chymotrysin and trypsin. There is minimal digestion in the small intestine

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14
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body

A
  • Body structure
  • Transport
  • Enzymes
  • Movement
  • fluid balance
  • protection from disease
  • Energy
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15
Q

Describe proteins contribution to body structure

A

bones, muscles, skin and every body organ contains protein
- Collagen is the main structural protein
- Elastin is another key structural protein

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16
Q

Describe how protein is used for transportation

A
  • Protein tracks in cells allow substances to all along them, permitting transport around cell
  • Protein channels regulate movement into and out of the cell
  • The blood protein hemoglobin transports oxygen around the body
17
Q

Describe how protein is used for movement

A

The muscle contains two proteins called myosin and actin. When myosin proteins attach to actin proteins and kink their heads, muscle contraction occurs

18
Q

Describe how proteins contribute to fluid balance

A

Water is attached to the positive and negative charges of the amino acids found in the blood proteins
- This draws water into the blood and out of the extracellular spaceW

19
Q

What is edema

A

A build up of fluid that can result from having low blood proteins

20
Q

Deserve the function of protein in the protection from diseases

A
  • collagen in skin helps to restrict what can enter the body
  • if infectious agents enter, proteins called antibodies stick to these agents, promoting their removal and limiting the harm they can cause on the body
21
Q

Describe proteins contribution to energy

A

If there is a lack of carbohydrates in the body amino acids can be sed in the citric acid cycle
- Protein also provides 4 kcal/g of energy

22
Q

What is marasmus

A

Wasting syndrome
- occurs when energy and protein are deficient
- Promotes anemia, dehydration, heart irregularities, body temperature dysregulation

23
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A
  • Believed to occur when protein is deficit but energy is still sufficient
  • Evidenced by a distended swollen abdomen and an otherwise slim appearance
    ( eats one food repeatedly such as rice which is an incomplete protein)
24
Q

How does protein promote a caloric deficit

A
  • Promoting fullness
  • Contributing to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
  • Requiring more energy to digest and absorb it ( higher thermic effect)
25
Q

How does protein promote muscle growth

A
  • Protein synthesis increases in the 24 hours following exercise
  • 10g of essential amino acids in the first 2 hours following exercise promotes muscle growth
26
Q

What effects to high protein diets have on the kidneys

A
  • High protein diets tax the kidneys because they have more waste products to excrete
  • Those with reduce kidneys are recommend to not consume more than 0/8 g/kg
27
Q

What is the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

A

Compared the amino acid content of a food against a standard amino acid profile
- High score that can be achieved is 1.0 (each unit of protein consumed meets or exceeds the human requirement of amino acids)
- industry standard

28
Q

What is the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)

A

Measures how well amino acids are digested in the ileum and more closely estimated the mount of amino acids absorbed by the body
- Better for mixed meals

29
Q

What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER)

A

How much weight an animal gains when consuming a specific amount of protein, divided by the amount of food it has consumed

30
Q

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs)

A

Essential amino acids that have branched chains
- Account for 35-40% of dietary amino acids found in protein
- Reduces muscle damage associated with weight trainingH

31
Q

What are the health benefits of vegetarian diets

A

Diets high in fibre and phytochemcials and low in saturated fats
- More Kiel to have lower BMIs, total cholesterol and LDL
- At lower risk for heart disease, cancer, nd CVD mortality

32
Q

What are the risks of vegetarian diets

A
  • Low in vitamin D, omega-3, calcium, iron, and zinc
  • Vitmin B12 is only found in animal products
33
Q

What is an omnivore

A

A person that consumes animal and plant products

34
Q

What is a semi-vegetarian

A

a person that restricts one or more type of animal product (ex might avoid red meat)

35
Q

What is a pescatarian

A

doesn’t eat meat expect of fish

36
Q

What is a plant-based diet

A

mostly or entirely based on plant-derived foods and ingredients, however no clear definition

37
Q

What is a lactose-ovo vegetarian

A

doesn’t eat any animal products expect for milk and eggs

38
Q

What is a lacto-vegetarian

A

Doesn’t eat any animal products expect for milk