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BPK 110 > Chapter 10 - Energy Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Define energy

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

Define energy intake

A

total energy consumed from food

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3
Q

Define energy expenditure

A

energy used t fuel basal metabolism, physical activity, processing food

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4
Q

Define energy balance

A

when energy intake = energy expenditure

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5
Q

Energy expenditure

A

We burn energy for three main purposed
- Basal metabolic rate (~60-75%)
- Diet-induced thermogenesis (~10%)
- Physical activity (~15-30%)

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6
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the amount of energy the body needs to perform its most basil life-sustaining functions over a period of time

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7
Q

What factors determine BMR

A

higher BMR
- certain genetic factors
- male sex
- younger age
- taller height
- higher lean body mass

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8
Q

Diet-induced thermogenesis

A

energy that is used and dissipated as heat following food intake

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9
Q

Weight gain

A

Occurs due to an increase in:
- fat mass ( consistent energy surpluss)
- Lean mass ( increased muscle mass)
- water mass (can fluctuate from day to day)
- glycogen storage

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10
Q

Adipocyte

A

Secrete adipokines, a messanger that communicated with other body tissues (leptin)
- in obese individuals promote low grade inflammation and disease

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11
Q

Leptin

A

Acts on the hypothalamus to promote satiety
- When fat cells get larger, more leptin is released - this decreases appetite and promotes an energy deficit
Many obese individuals are leptin resistant

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12
Q

sick fat disease

A

adipokine secretion shifts to promote chronic low-grade inflammation
- type 2 diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- certain cancers
- fatty liver

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13
Q

Fat mass disease

A

Added weight promotes biomechanics and structural challenges
- osteoporosis
- joint pain
- sleep apnea
- tissue friction

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14
Q

Define appetite

A

drive to consume food

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15
Q

Define hunger

A

Physiological need to consume food

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16
Q

Define satiety

A

sense of fullness that makes us stop eating and keeps us feeling full until the next meal

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17
Q

Obesogenic environment

A

The abundance of food and food cues in our environment promotes a constant stream of signals to promote high energy consumption

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18
Q

Individual psychology

A

Stress, metal health status and the way we think about ourselves and our bodies can affect both how much we eat and how much we exercise

19
Q

Social psychology

A

out perched lack of time may compromise out ability to eat healthy and be active

20
Q

physiology

A

we all handle energy differently - differences in microbiomes and appetite regulation can have significant effects on energy balance

21
Q

Microbiome and energy balance

A

individuals with obesity are more likely to have more firmicutes in their colon ( bacteria are better at harvesting energy from food increasing energy intake)

22
Q

What are the satiety signals

A

leptin (from adipose) and GLP-1(from small intestine)

23
Q

What is the hunger signal

A

ghrelin (from stomach)

24
Q

Body composition

A

= proportion of fat mass and lean body mass

25
Q

Visceral fat

A

higher risk of disease

26
Q

How can you measure body composition

A
  • DEXA ( dual X-ray absorptiometry) scans the body in two planes –> body composition and bone density
  • Air/water displacement: body weight/body volume = body density
  • skin folds
  • bioelectric impedance rate in which electrical current passes through the body ( fat has a greater resistance to current
  • BMI - mass/height^2
  • waist circumference: over 88cm for women and 102 cm for men is considered higher risk
27
Q

willpower

A

our thinking brains ability ro override other signals
- should use skill power as well

28
Q

Self-efficacy

A

belief in our ability to achieve a certain task

29
Q

Mindfulness

A

being aware of and experiencing, the present moment with a judgement-free curious approach

30
Q

Orlistat

A
  • block the activity of lipase in the small intestine
  • fat absorption, caloric intake decrease
31
Q

Larglutide

A
  • increases the activity of GLP-1
  • promotes satiety
32
Q

Naltrexone/Bupropion

A

Reduced food cravings by altering the reward circuit in the brain that drives food-seeking behaviour

33
Q

roux-en-Y garlic bypass

A

a small upper part of the stomach is sectioned off from the rest of the stomach. It is then attached to the jejunum of the small intestine. Food bypasses most of the stomach as well as the duodenum and is not reversible

34
Q

Sleeve gastrectomy

A

A banana-sized portion of the stomach is removed entirely. The overall size of the remaining stomach is significantly smaller. Not reversible

35
Q

Gastric banding

A

An inflatable device is places around the upper portion of the stomach. Food must be party digested in this upper part before passing through the narrow opening in the stomach allowed by the band. Reversible

36
Q

Risk factors for eating disorders

A
  • genetics
  • female
  • socio-cultural ( pressure to be thin)
  • personality ( perfectionism)
  • history of sexual or physical abuse
37
Q

Binge eating

A

loss of control of eating
- typically occurs in the absence of hunger and at a fast rate, associated with guilt or shame

38
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

involves binge eating and compensation
- vomiting, excessive exercise or laxatives
- Risk factors: preoccupation with food, distorted perception of body weight, depression

39
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Binge eating without compensation
- promotes obesity
- risk factors: frequent dieting, inability to interpret hunger/satiety signals

40
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

significant restriction in energy intake leading to an unhealthfully low body weight
- individuals often: have an intense fear of weight gain, feel disturbed by their weight or shape

41
Q

Night eating syndrome

A

Abnormal increased food intake at night (>25% of caloric intake), lack of morning hunger, insomnia

42
Q

Orthorexia nervosa

A

an obsession with eating healthy
signs:
- compulsively checking food labels
- cutting out foods, nutrients
- limiting food intake to narrow range of foods

43
Q

Treatment of eating disorders

A

typically begins with diagnosis by health care providers
- main treatment strategies are psychologic
- education may also be prescribed

BPK 110 (5 decks)

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