CHAPTER 7 PROTEIN Flashcards

Question

WHAT IS MAIN SITE PROTEIN DIGESTION

Answer 1

SMALL INTESTINE , PANCREASE SECREATES proteases (protein-digesting enzymes) tryp- sin and chymotrypsin, which are secreted by the pancreas, act on the remaining polypeptide structures. Proteases act on different amino acid sites to further break polypeptides into single, double or triple amino acids. All three are absorbed through active transport into the centre of the small intestine villus. Conversely, the body cannot absorb polypeptides longer than three amino acids.

Answer 2

BODY STRUCTURE : bones, muscles, skin

Answer 3

COLLAGEN I N BONE SMKIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 4

bone, collagen organizes itself into a rigid matrix that calcium and phosphate then harden. In skin, collagen promotes firmness and strength.Collagen is also found in the connective tissue of ligaments and tendons. Another important structural protein is As its name implies, this protein adds elasticity and can allow a structure to be slightly de- formed and then resume its shape. The outside portion of our ears have both collagen and elastic

Answer 5

carrying things around the cell, In cell membranes, there are protein transporters that extend from one side of the mem- brane to the other. Some protein channels can function as pores

Answer 6

hemoglobin

Answer 7

enzymes speed up the rate of cellular reaction by providing a site for reaction to occur.

Answer 8

like lipases, amylases and proteases are proteins. after reaction has occurred, enzymes maintain their structure and can go on to catalyze other similar reaction.

Answer 9

Myosin and actin are muscle proteins that interact to , Oo shorten our muscles so they can move our skeleton. During muscle contraction , millions of myosin proteins bind to actin chains and then kink their heads to shorten the overall muscle length walking or picking

Answer 10

That proteins in the blood help maintain appropriate fluid levels in the extracellular space. The amino acids found in blood proteins can carry positive or negative charges. Water is attracted

Answer 11

Water is attracted to these charges and moves from the extracellular space into the bloodstream due to the draw of these proteins. This ensures that water does not build up in the extracellular space, reducing the risk for edema

Answer 12

certain proteins protect us from infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses

Answer 13

Collagen in skin promotes structural integrity and allows skin to act as a barrier, stopping infectious agents from entering and causing harm

Answer 14

a virus or bacteria does reach our body fluids, antibodies are part of our second line of defence. antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that suck to the outside of pathogens, labelling them for removal and restricting the harm they can cause the body

Answer 15

The energy-yielding function of protein is not its main function. Only 5–10% of the energy we use each day is

Answer 16

is a wasteful process. deamination.. deamination removes the nitrogen-containing amine group so that the remaining structure can be used to form pyruvate, acetyl CoA or citric acid cycle intermediates

Answer 17

because complications from excessive protein intake are uncommon in the general population. Protein deficiency, however, is linked with compromised growth and development and is a significant problem in parts of the world where poverty leads to undernutrition.

Answer 18

Malnutrition is one of the main causes of mortality in children under the age of five

Answer 19

MARASMUS , KWASHIROKOR

Answer 20

Marasmus is a wasting syndrome and occurs when energy from all sources, including protein, is inadequate . In addition to very low body weight, symptoms include difficulty managing body temperature, anemia, dehydration and heart irregularities. Marasmus can occur at any age but is most common in children and infants

Answer 21

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein malnutrition that occurs in young children. It is believed to be associated with inadequate protein intake when energy needs are still being met. Kwashiorkor translates as, “The disease the first child gets when the second child is born.”These diets are low in protein and essential amino acids,,The distended belly is partly due to edema

Answer 22

primary dietary factor that promotes weight gain is a caloric intake that is consistently above the body’s

Answer 23

Carbohydrates, lipids and protein all contribute energy to the body. A high-protein diet that exceeds caloric needs can therefore promote fat gain. The converse is also true.

Answer 24

* Protein-rich foods tend to be more filling compared to foods higher in carbohydrates and fat Therefore, eating protein-rich foods may promote a lower overall caloric intake because hunger is more satisfied, and the individual may consume less overall. * A protein-rich diet may also help with energy balance since protein has a higher thermic effect which increases total energy expenditure. More calories are required to digest and absorb protein as compared to carbohydrates and lipids, again promoting a caloric deficit. Lastly, amino acids may also play an important role in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates ,further promoting an energy deficit.

Answer 25

Taken together, there is enough evidence that a high-protein diet may favour a caloric deficit and reduction in weight. Therefore, if weight loss is someone’s goal, increasing protein intake to no more than 2.0 g/kg body weight and consuming protein primarily from high-quality whole food sources can promote its weight managing effects, while promoting health.

Answer 26

The main role of protein is to promote the growth and repair of tissuesTherefore, it is particularly important when the body is repairing from exercise and rebuilding tissue, specifically muscle

Answer 27

particularly important when the body is repairing from exercise and rebuilding tissue, specifically muscle Muscle protein synthesis increases in the 24 hours following resistance training )and dietary protein can facilitate this process.Specifically, providing approximately 10 g of essentiall amino acids from protein in the first two hours after exercise en

Answer 28

Protein intake from high-quality sources is recommend- ed. For instance, milk-based protein has been shown to increase muscle strength and improve body composition

Answer 29

HALF VOLOUME OF BONE AND THIRD OF ITS MASS

Answer 30

overall, higher protein intake did not negatively affect bone health. They also found moderate evidence of increased bone density in the lower spine at higher protein intakes

Answer 31

hose who have kidney disease. filtrationrates at the kidney increase following dietary intake of protein

Answer 32

This occurs because the kidneys must work harder to excrete the waste products produced when protein intake is higher. Recall that when amino acids are used for energy, the waste product urea is produced, which the kidneys must excrete. Accordingly, low protein diets have been recommended for those with kidney disease.

Answer 33

by consuming 0.8 g/kg body weight of protein per day This number aligns with the daily recommendation for protein in a healthy adult, but North American protein intake is typically much higher.

Answer 34

Protein quality typically refers to two factors: how well a protein is digested and how the types and quantities of amino acids in that protein source match the body’s requirements. There are several ways of measuring protein quality. Regardless of the method used, animal products are typically higher in protein quality compared to plant products, espe- cially if they are unprocessed

Answer 35

PDCAAS) become the industry standard for assessing protein quality; it is s􏰀ll used today (FAO, n.d.). The PDCAAS compares the amino acid content of a food against a standard amino acid profile. The highest score that can be achieved is 1.0. Having a PDCAAS of 1.0 means that, following digestion, each unit of protein meets or exceeds the human requirement for essentiall amino acids. The PDCAAS was recommended because it links the amino acids available to the body to the actual requirements of humans, not just the total amount of protein found in that food

Answer 36

the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). This score measures how well amino acids are digested in the ileum and more closely es􏰀mates the amount of amino acids absorbed by the body. This method is also be􏰂er at determining the protein quality of mixed meals, not just ones with single ingredients . For now, until a sufficient database of DIAAS

Answer 37

The traditional diets of Indigenous people were very rich in protein. Hunting was important for both food and resources; mammals, game birds and fish were key dietary staple

Answer 38

tryptophan is an essential amino acid that has several important roles beyond tissue growth, i

Answer 39

Protein needs can be met by consuming whole food sources of protein. Some people also supplement their diet with processed protein supplements (e.g., protein powders, shakes and bars) or extra whole food supplementation

Answer 40

For instance, protein supple- ments are often used by people who engage in muscle-building exercise to gain muscle strength and size A meta-analysis of 49 randomized control trials found that both strength and muscle size increased with protein supple- mentation, especially in younger people who trained regularly Since this analysis included many other studies, there was a range of ways protein was supplemented – either with more processed versions

Answer 41

. The study found that supplementa􏰀on beyond 1.62 g/kg body weight per day did not produce further gains. Thus, protein supplementation on may improve muscle-related gains, but only up to a certain amount of protein intake, and both whole and processed protein sources can provide this gain. However, processed sources of protein are typically low in phytochemical \ and fibre and they can also be expensive

Answer 42

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that have a branched side chain

Answer 43

They are key components of the amino acid pool, accounting for 35–40% of the dietary essential amino acids that are found in body protein

Answer 44

lso, unlike most amino acids, BCAAs are metabolized in the muscle instead of the liver

Answer 45

CAA supplementation modestly improves recovery after exhaustive resistance exercises. A different systematic review of 11 experiments found that BCAA supplementation was effective at reducing muscle damage that is moderate in nature. This study also found that the effects were particularly strong if the BCAA supplement was consumed prior to exercise

Answer 46

animal sources of protein tend to have more total protein as well as a higher PDCAAS. They are also all complete sources of protein, having all the essential amino acids. In addition, they are higher in vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc and omega-3 fa􏰂y acids. However, they are also higher in saturated fat and absent in fibre and phytochemical. Also, consuming processed animal products may lead to a higher health risk

Answer 47

Cardiovascular and mortality risk

Answer 48

Plant sources of protein, such as beans, nuts and lentils, offer less total protein and are more likely to be in- complete proteins.,

Answer 49

Vegetarians are individuals who avoid some or all animal-related food

Answer 50

These diets are higher in fibre and phytochemical and lower in saturated fats. In addition, they may reduce disease risk. A meta-analysis of 86 sectional epidemiological studies found that vegetarians are more likely to have lower body mass indexes, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol

Answer 51

Vegetarian diets tend to be lower in vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron and zin

Answer 52

which is absent in almost all plant products,