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Psychology 223 > Chapter 7 Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Effect of children who exhibit higher motor activity levels

A

Demonstrate a higher ability to control or inhibit their behavior allowing for successful task achievement.

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2
Q

18-24 months old

A
  • Runs, walks well, climbs stairs
  • Shows clear hand preference
  • Turns pages one at a time
  • picks up things without overbalancing
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3
Q

2-3 Years

A
  • Runs easily, climbs,

- Picks up small objects

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4
Q

3-4 years

A
  • Walks up stairs, skips on two feet, tricycle
  • Catches large ball, but paper with scissors
  • hold pencil
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5
Q

4-5 years

A
  • Walks up stairs one foot per step, stands, run tiptoe
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6
Q

5-6 years

A

skips on alternate feet

plays games well

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7
Q

Brain and nervous system

A

brain growth, synapse formation, myelination

Lateralization

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8
Q

Lateralization

A
  • functional specialization of the left and right brain hemispheres of the brain
  • corpus callosum: grows and matures most during this time
  • Genes provide mechanism for lateralization but experience shapes the pace
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9
Q

Myelination of the reticular formation

A
  • regulates attention and concentration
  • maturation of hippocampus, improvements of long term memory function across explains infantile amnesia
  • Handedness
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10
Q

Handedness

A

Preference for using one hand or the other. Develops between ages 2 and 6

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls balance and motor movements

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12
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects left and right hemispheres of the brain

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13
Q

Reticular formation

A

Controls attention

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14
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

cut off for earliest memories

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15
Q

Imaginary friends

A
  • frequent
  • knows the difference between real and not real
  • has cognitive and emotional benefits
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16
Q

Preoperational Stage (2 - 6/7 years)

A

become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but sill have trouble thinking logically

  • egocentrism
  • centration
  • conservation
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17
Q

Egocentrism

A

belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way he/she does
ex. pencil

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18
Q

Centration

A

thinks of the world at one variable at a time

ex. cat

19
Q

Conservation

A

understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

  • seriation
    ex. row test
20
Q

Piaget’s preoperational stage

A

two substages:

  1. preconceptual (2-4 years)
  2. intuitive (4-7 years)
21
Q

Limitations and characteristics of preoperational thinking

A
  • animalistic
  • transductive thinking or reasoning
  • egocentrism
  • appearance/ reality distinctions
  • perception bound thought
  • Irreversible thinking
  • Lacks hierarchical Classification
  • centration
  • focus on end state vs. transformations
  • horizontal decalage
22
Q

Theory of mind

A

a set of ideas constructed by a individual to explain other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior

23
Q

Information processing perspective

A
  1. Short-term storage space (STSS)

2. Operational Efficiency

24
Q

Short-term storage space (STSS)

A

the working memory

25
Q

Operational efficiency

A

maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

26
Q

Encoding

A

organizing information to be stored memory

27
Q

Storage

A

Keeping information

28
Q

Retrival

A

Getting information out of memory

29
Q

Metamemory

A

knowledge about how memory works and he ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function

30
Q

Metacognition

A

knowledge on how the mind works and how the mid thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own thought processes

  • problem solving
  • better performance on piaget’s tasks
31
Q

Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory

A

emphasizes role of social factors in cognitive development; group learning is central to cognitive development

32
Q

(Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory)

Primitive period

A

mental processes similar to animals

33
Q

(Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory)

Naive psychology period

A

naive sentences

34
Q

Egocentric speech stage

A
  • uses language as a guide to solves problems

- internalized by 6 -7 years

35
Q

Ingrowth Stage

A

Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in a social world
- speech routines are acquired

36
Q

Fast-mapping

A

ability to categorically link new words meaning then use the word often getting feedback to help them judge the accuracy of their hypothesis
hypothesis —> feedback

37
Q

Language: Grammar explosion

A
  • Inflections
  • Questions and Negatives
  • overregulation
  • complex sentences
38
Q

Overregulation (Grammar explosion )

A

Using rules when they don’t apply

39
Q

Complex Sentences

A

Using conjunctions to combine two words

40
Q

Phonological awareness

A
  • Understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
  • Knowledge of the language’s system for representing sounds with letter
  • Can be learned in school through instruction
  • better Phonological awareness, better ability to read
  • primarily develops through word play
41
Q

Measuring Intelligence

A

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

42
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

ratio of metal age to chronological age also, a general form for any kind of score derived from an intelligence test

43
Q

Measuring Intelligence (IQ) Individual differences

A

Evidence for heredity

Evidence for environment

44
Q

Reaction Range

A

between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence, establishes by one’s genes; one’s environment determines where, within those limits, one will fall

Psychology 223 (2 decks)

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