Chapter 7 Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Effect of children who exhibit higher motor activity levels

Answer 1

Demonstrate a higher ability to control or inhibit their behavior allowing for successful task achievement.

Question 2

18-24 months old

Answer 2

• Runs, walks well, climbs stairs
• Shows clear hand preference
• Turns pages one at a time
• picks up things without overbalancing

Question 3

2-3 Years

Answer 3

• Runs easily, climbs,

- Picks up small objects

Question 4

3-4 years

Answer 4

• Walks up stairs, skips on two feet, tricycle
• Catches large ball, but paper with scissors
• hold pencil

Question 5

4-5 years

Answer 5

• Walks up stairs one foot per step, stands, run tiptoe

Question 6

5-6 years

Answer 6

skips on alternate feet

plays games well

Question 7

Brain and nervous system

Answer 7

brain growth, synapse formation, myelination

Lateralization

Question 8

Lateralization

Answer 8

• functional specialization of the left and right brain hemispheres of the brain
• corpus callosum: grows and matures most during this time
• Genes provide mechanism for lateralization but experience shapes the pace

Question 9

Myelination of the reticular formation

Answer 9

• regulates attention and concentration
• maturation of hippocampus, improvements of long term memory function across explains infantile amnesia
• Handedness

Question 10

Handedness

Answer 10

Preference for using one hand or the other. Develops between ages 2 and 6

Question 11

Cerebellum

Answer 11

Controls balance and motor movements

Question 12

Corpus Callosum

Answer 12

Connects left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 13

Reticular formation

Answer 13

Controls attention

Question 14

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 14

cut off for earliest memories

Question 15

Imaginary friends

Answer 15

• frequent
• knows the difference between real and not real
• has cognitive and emotional benefits

Question 16

Preoperational Stage (2 - 6/7 years)

Answer 16

become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but sill have trouble thinking logically

• egocentrism
• centration
• conservation

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way he/she does
ex. pencil

Question 18

Centration

Answer 18

thinks of the world at one variable at a time

ex. cat

Question 19

Conservation

Answer 19

understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

• seriation
  ex. row test

Question 20

Piaget’s preoperational stage

Answer 20

two substages:

1. preconceptual (2-4 years)
2. intuitive (4-7 years)

Question 21

Limitations and characteristics of preoperational thinking

Answer 21

• animalistic
• transductive thinking or reasoning
• egocentrism
• appearance/ reality distinctions
• perception bound thought
• Irreversible thinking
• Lacks hierarchical Classification
• centration
• focus on end state vs. transformations
• horizontal decalage

Question 22

Theory of mind

Answer 22

a set of ideas constructed by a individual to explain other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior

Question 23

Information processing perspective

Answer 23

1. Short-term storage space (STSS)

2. Operational Efficiency

Question 24

Short-term storage space (STSS)

Answer 24

the working memory

Question 25

Operational efficiency

Answer 25

maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

Question 26

Encoding

Answer 26

organizing information to be stored memory

Question 27

Storage

Answer 27

Keeping information

Question 28

Retrival

Answer 28

Getting information out of memory

Question 29

Metamemory

Answer 29

knowledge about how memory works and he ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function

Question 30

Metacognition

Answer 30

knowledge on how the mind works and how the mid thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought processes - problem solving - better performance on piaget's tasks

Question 31

Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory

Answer 31

emphasizes role of social factors in cognitive development; group learning is central to cognitive development

Question 32

(Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory) | Primitive period

Answer 32

mental processes similar to animals

Question 33

(Vygotsky SocioCultural Theory) | Naive psychology period

Answer 33

naive sentences

Question 34

Egocentric speech stage

Answer 34

- uses language as a guide to solves problems | - internalized by 6 -7 years

Question 35

Ingrowth Stage

Answer 35

Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in a social world - speech routines are acquired

Question 36

Fast-mapping

Answer 36

ability to categorically link new words meaning then use the word often getting feedback to help them judge the accuracy of their hypothesis hypothesis ---> feedback

Question 37

Language: Grammar explosion

Answer 37

- Inflections - Questions and Negatives - overregulation - complex sentences

Question 38

Overregulation (Grammar explosion )

Answer 38

Using rules when they don't apply

Question 39

Complex Sentences

Answer 39

Using conjunctions to combine two words

Question 40

Phonological awareness

Answer 40

- Understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring - Knowledge of the language's system for representing sounds with letter - Can be learned in school through instruction - better Phonological awareness, better ability to read - primarily develops through word play

Question 41

Measuring Intelligence

Answer 41

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 42

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 42

ratio of metal age to chronological age also, a general form for any kind of score derived from an intelligence test

Question 43

Measuring Intelligence (IQ) Individual differences

Answer 43

Evidence for heredity | Evidence for environment

Question 44

Reaction Range

Answer 44

between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence, establishes by one's genes; one's environment determines where, within those limits, one will fall