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PCP > chapter 7: pharmacology > Flashcards

chapter 7: pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

the 6 rights to medication administration

A
  1. right patient
  2. right medication
  3. right dose
  4. right route
  5. right time
  6. right documentation and reporting
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2
Q

the goal of emergency pharmacology in the prehospital setting

A

use medication to reverse, prevent, or control various diseases and illnesses

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3
Q

leading cause of patient safety errors in heathcare

A

medication errors

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4
Q

medication

A

a drug that has been approved by the government agency that regulates pharmaceuticals

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5
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of medications and their effects and actions on the body

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6
Q

chemical name

A

describes the drugs chemical makeup

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7
Q

generic name

A

a general name for a drug

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8
Q

trade name

A

the unique name in which the original manufacturer registers the new drug with the HPFB

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9
Q

4 principle sources of medication

A

1) animal
2) plant
3) mineral
4) laboratory

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10
Q

assay

A

an analysis of the drug itself to evaluate its potency

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11
Q

bioassay

A

a procedure for determining the concentration, purity, and/or biologic activity of a substance by measuring the effect on an organism, tissue, cell, or enzyme

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12
Q

government agencies that regulate drugs

A
  • HPFB
  • the office of controlled substances
  • the pharmaceutical advertising advisory Board
  • the marketed health products
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13
Q

4 phases of clinical trials

A

phase 1:

  • the new drug is tested in healthy volunteers to compare human data with those in animals
  • determine safe doses of the drug
  • to assess its safety

phase II:

  • performed in homogenous populations of patients (50-300).
  • in double blind studies one group receives the drug and the other receives the placebo.
  • these studies are designed to evaluate the drugs efficacy and safety and to establish which form is the most effective dose

phase III:

  • the drug is made available to a larger group of patients
  • usually lasts several years
  • evaluate the drugs efficacy and monitor the nature and incidence of side effects

phase IV:

  • the drug company can submit a new drug submission (NDS) to the HPFB for approval to market the drug
  • compare the new drug with others on the market
  • examine the drugs long term efficacy and cost- effectiveness
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14
Q

notice of compliance

A

indicates that the drug has been reviewed and is authorized for marketing in canada

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15
Q

drug identification number

A

unique identifier for the drug

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16
Q

special access program

A

allows practitioners access to the drugs currently not available on the canadian market

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17
Q

2 pharmacological challenges of administering medication to a pregnant woman

A
  • it can alter the mothers anatomy and physiological functions
  • has the potential to directly harm the fetus
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18
Q

pediatric patients

A
  • medications have different effects in adults vs. children
  • children can metabolize some medications much more quickly than adults
  • incomplete development of the gastrointestinal tract slows absorption of oral medications and delays elimination
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19
Q

geriatric patients

A
  • the changes in pharmacokinetics are comparable to those in young children
  • slow metabolism and gastrointestinal activity
  • often taking multiple medications
  • unintentionally overdose on a particular drug or forget how to take it
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20
Q

2 major types of peripheral nerves

A

afferent nerves
- carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain

efferent nerves
- carry messages from the brain to the muscles and other organs in the body

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21
Q

patients rights

A
  • right to refuse treatment

- fully inform your patient about the care you are giving

22
Q

central nervous system

A
  • control centre

- receives input, interprets the stimulus, and makes decisions and directs actions

23
Q

peripheral nervous systen

A

all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

24
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sends sensory impulses from internal structures through afferent autonomic nerves in the brain

25
Q

ganglia

A

grouping of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS

26
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

responsible for the fight-or-flight response

  • the dominant system during periods of stress or activity
  • regulates hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and trauma
  • increases heart rate and force of contraction
27
Q

adrenergic

A

relating to nerve fibres that release norepinephrine or epinephrine

28
Q

sympathomimetic

A

effects resembling those caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
ex) the effects seen after an injection of epinephrine

29
Q

sympatholytic

A

interfering with or inhibiting the effect of impulses from the sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • the dominant system during periods of rest and relation
  • innervates most of the body
  • decreases the rate and contractility of the heart
31
Q

neurotransmission

A

process of chemical signalling between cells

32
Q

affinity

A

the attraction between a medication and its receptors

33
Q

agonist

A

a medication that stimulates a response in a receptor site

34
Q

liquid medication forms

A
  • solution
  • suspension
  • fluid extract
  • tincture
  • spirits
  • syrup
  • elixir
  • milk
  • emulsion
  • liniments and lotions
35
Q

solid medication forms

A
  • extract
  • powder
  • capsule
  • pulvule
  • tablet
  • suppository
  • ointment
  • patch
36
Q

gaseous medication forms

A

vapour

37
Q

local effects

A

result from the direct application of a drug to a tissue

38
Q

systemic effects

A

occur after the drug is absorbed by any route and distributed by the bloodstream

39
Q

3 routes of administration

A
  • percutaneous
  • enteral
  • parental
40
Q

percutaneous routes

A

any medication that is absorbed through the skin or through a mucous membrane

ex) transdermal route, sublingual route, buccal route, pulmonary route

41
Q

enteral routes

A

medications that are absorbed somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract
ex) oral or rectal

42
Q

parental routes

A
  • medications are administered via any route other than alimentary canal, skin, and mucous membranes
  • generally administered via syringe and needles
  • IV, IO, IM
43
Q

nicotinic receptors

A
  • present in many tissues in the body
  • function at the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles
  • stimulation causes muscular contraction
44
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

-found throughout the body as subcomponents of the CNS and ANS

45
Q

administration effects absorption

A
  • the speed with which the drug works is influenced by the route of administration
  • IV or IO enter the blood stream the fastest
  • the slowest absorption is topical
46
Q

IV route

A
  • most rapidly effective
  • most dangerous route
  • drugs go directly into the bloodstream and to the target organs
  • known quantity over a known period
  • dangerous because it delivers the entire dose at once
47
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of the metabolism and action of medications within the body with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion

48
Q

active transport

A

specialized proteins that span the membrane of a cell facilitate the movement of the medication inside target tissues and cells

49
Q

passive diffusion

A

medications move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

50
Q

absorption

A

the transfer of medication from its site of administration to the specific target organs and tissues

PCP (8 decks)

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