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PCP > chapter 6: pathophysiology > Flashcards

chapter 6: pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of the functioning of the organism in the presence of stress, illness, or disease.

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2
Q

aetiology

A

the cause of a disease process

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3
Q

3 main components of the cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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4
Q

cell

A

the basic self sustaining unit of the human body

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5
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  • epithelium
  • endothelial
  • connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
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6
Q

homeostasis

A

state of being in complete balance

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7
Q

ligands

A

molecules that are either produced by the body or given as a drug

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8
Q

cell membrane

A

consists of fat and protein, it surrounds the cell and protects the internal components within the cytoplasm

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9
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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10
Q

4 types of nerve tissue

A

neurons
dendrites
axons
synapse

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11
Q

4 types of hormones

A

endocrine
exocrine
paracrine
autocrine

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12
Q

atrophy

A

a decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components

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13
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in cell size due to synthesis of more subcellular components

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14
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue

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15
Q

dysplasia

A

an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells

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16
Q

metaplasia

A

the reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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17
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water down its concentration gradient and across a membrane

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18
Q

body fluids contain

A 
water
sodium
chloride 
potassium
calcium
phosphorous
magnesium
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19
Q

approximate % of fluid in the body

A

50%-70%

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside the cells

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

outside of the cells

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22
Q

interstitial fluid

A

surrounds tissue cells and includes cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid

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23
Q

intravascular fluid

A

found within the blood vessels but outside the cells themselves

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24
Q

hypertonic solution

A

the solution with a higher solute concentration has a higher osmotic pressure

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25
Q

hypotonic solution

A

the solution with a lower solute concentration and a lower osmotic pressure

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26
Q

isotonic solutions

A

solutions with equal solute concentrations

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27
Q

what % of blood is plasma

A

55%

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28
Q

passive transport diffusion

A

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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29
Q

facilitated trasnport

A

a transport molecule within the membrane helps the movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

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30
Q

filtration

A

the movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area oh high pressure to an area of low pressure

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31
Q

active transport

A

movement via pumps or transport molecules that require energy and move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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32
Q

renin

A

a protein that is released by the kidneys into the bloodstream

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33
Q

chloride

A

an important anion that when combined with sodium makes table salt

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34
Q

osmoreceptors

A

monitor extracellular fluid osmolarity. sensors for these receptors are located primarily in the hypothalamus. when the extracellular fluid is too high they stimulate the production of ADH

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35
Q

volume sensitive receptors

A

located in the atria, when the intravascular fluid volume increases, the atria are stretched leading to the release of natriuretic proteins

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36
Q

baroreceptors

A

found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and the kidneys, they are sensitive to changes in blood pressure

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37
Q

tonicity

A

the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane

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38
Q

hypernatrimia

A

a serum sodium level greater than or equal to 143 mEq/L

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39
Q

hyponatrimia

A

a serum sodium level less than or equal to 135 mEq/L

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40
Q

hypokalemia

A

a decreased serum potassium level

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41
Q

hyperkalemia

A

an elevated serum potassium level

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42
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased serum calcium level

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43
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased serum calcium level

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44
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

a decrease in serum phosphate levels

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45
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

an increase in serum phophate levels

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46
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

decreased serum magnesium level

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47
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

increased serum magnesium level

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48
Q

pH

A

the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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49
Q

buffers

A

molecules that modulate changes in pH

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50
Q

alkalosis

A

a blood pH greater than 7.45

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51
Q

acidosis

A

a blood pH less than 7.35

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52
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

an accumulation of abnormal acids in the blood for any several reasons

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53
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

a build up of excess metabolic base or loss of normal acid

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54
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

CO2 retention leads to increase PaCO2 levels

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55
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

excessive “blowing off”

often called hyperventilation

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56
Q

necrosis

A

the death of body tissue

57
Q

viruses

A

intracellular parasites that take over the metabolic processes of the host cell and then use the cell to help them replicate

58
Q

apoptosis

A

normal cell death

59
Q

autosomal recessive

A

a pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes

60
Q

autosomal dominant

A

a person needs to inherit only one copy of a particular form of gene to show that trait

61
Q

albinism

A

lack of pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair.

62
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

pancreatic failure, mucus build up in the lungs

63
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

abnormal hemoglobin characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct vital capillaries

64
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

improper metabolism of gangliosides in nerve cells

65
Q

phenylketouria

A

accumulation of phenylalanine in blood; causes an intellectual disability

66
Q

achondroplasia

A

dwarfism resulting from a deficit in epiphyseal plates that interferes with the formation of long bones

67
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

chronic disorder of metabolism associated with partial insulin secretion or total lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, which effects the patients ability to utilize glucose

68
Q

hemophilia

A

an inherited disorder characterized by impaired homeostasis

69
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

increased destruction of red blood cells

70
Q

ketoacidosis-prone (type 1) diabetes

A

insulin dependant diabetes

71
Q

nonketoacidosis-prone (type 2) diabetes

A

non-insulin dependant diabetes

72
Q

hemochromatosis

A

inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs

73
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

general term for diseases of the myocardium

74
Q

long QT syndrome

A

cardiac conduction system abnormality that results in prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG

75
Q

perfusion

A

delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes from the cells, organs, and tissues by the circulatory system

76
Q

hypoperfusion

A

when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal

77
Q

shock

A

abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell, resulting in impairment of cell metabolism and inadequate perfusion of vital organs

78
Q

central shock

A

consists of cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock

79
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

occurs when the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery

(the most common cause is myocardial infarction)

80
Q

obstructive shock

A

occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels

81
Q

peripheral shock

A

includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock

82
Q

pericardial tamponade

A

diastolic filling of the right ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart

83
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

the circulating blood volume is unable to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body

84
Q

the earliest signs of shock

A

restlessness and anxiety

85
Q

distributive shock

A

occurs when there is a widespread dilation of the resistance vessels, the capacitance vessels or both

86
Q

3 most common types of distributive shock

A

1) anaphylactic shock
2) septic shock
3) neurogenic shock

87
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

histamine and other vasodilator proteins are released on exposure to an allergen

accompanied by wheezing and urticaria

88
Q

septic shock

A

occurs as a result of widespread infection

89
Q

neurogenic shock

A

usually results from spinal cord injury, the effect is loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation

90
Q

normal capillary refill time

A

less than 2 seconds

91
Q

multiple organ dysfunction syndrom (MODS)

A

a progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of several organs

92
Q

primary MODS

A

a direct result of an insult

ex) a pulmonary contusion from striking the chest on the steering wheel during a collision

93
Q

secondary MODS

A

organ dysfunction that occurs as integral component to the patients response
ex) renal failure following trauma

94
Q

when does MODS occur

A

when injuries or infection triggers a massive systematic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response with release of inflammatory mediators

95
Q

immune system

A

includes all structures and processes associated with the body’s defence against foreign substances and disease causing agents

96
Q

the bodies 3 lines of defense

A

anatomic barriers
inflammatory response
immune response

97
Q

anatomic barriers

A

decrease the chances of bodily invasion by foreign substances

98
Q

inflammatory response

A

a response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness and heat
ex) white blood cells

99
Q

immune response

A

the body’s defence reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign

100
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes and organs that help maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and conveying it through the body

101
Q

2 primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow

thymus gland

102
Q

bone marrow

A

specialized soft tissue found within bone

103
Q

lymph

A

a thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body, it circulates through lymph vessels and is filtered in lymph nodes

104
Q

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

clusters of lymphoid tissues are associated with the skin and the respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts

105
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A 
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
monocyte
lymphocyte
106
Q

native immunity

A

a nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the first line of defence against pathogens

107
Q

acquired immunity

A

highly specific, inducible, discriminatory, and unforgetting method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant

108
Q

antigen

A

a foreign substance that induces an immune response on the body

109
Q

antibody

A

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

110
Q

immunogen

A

an antigen that activates immune cells to generate an immune response itself

111
Q

hapten

A

a substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but that can be combined with an antigen and then later initiate an immune response on its own

112
Q

humoral immunity

A

b cell lymphocytes produce antibodies, which then react with a specific antigen

113
Q

immunoglobulins

A

the antibodies secreted by b cells

114
Q

opsonization

A

an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells

115
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

t cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and contribute to the immune response

116
Q

chemotaxins

A

attract lymphocytes fro the circulation to help fight infection

117
Q

membrane attack complex

A

set of proteins that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane weakening those areas in the membrane

118
Q

autoantibodies

A

antibodies directed against the patient

119
Q

active hyperemia

A

increased intravascular pressure

120
Q

complement system

A

a group of plasma proteins that attract white blood cells to sites of inflammation, activate white blood cells and directly destroy cells

121
Q

fibrin

A

the protein that bonds to form the fibrous components of a blood clot

122
Q

fibrinolysis cascade

A

activated to dissolve the fibrin and create fibrin split products

123
Q

leukotrienes

A

slow reacting substances of anaphylaxes

124
Q

prostaglandins

A

substances derived from arachidonic acid

125
Q

2 major stages of PMNs

A

intravascular phase

extravascular phase

126
Q

kinen system

A

leads to the formation of vasoactive protein bradykinen

127
Q

cytokines

A

products of cells that affect the function of other cells

128
Q

interleukins

A

attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion

129
Q

interferon

A

protein produced by cells when they are invaded by viruses

130
Q

lymphokines

A

stimulate leukocytes

131
Q

types of cells

A

labile cells
stable cells
permanent cells

132
Q

hypersensitivity

A

any bodily response to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity

133
Q

allergy

A

a hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent

134
Q

autoimmunity

A

the production of antibodies or t cells that work against the tissues of ones own body

135
Q

isoimmunity

A

the formation of t cells or antibodies directed against the antigens on another persons cells

136
Q

Rh factor

A

indicates whether or not the blood of two different individuals can be mixed

137
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

a three stage reaction to stressors both physical and emotional

138
Q

3 stages of GAS

A

1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion

139
Q

stress

A

medical term or a wide range of strong external stimuli both physiological and psychological that can cause a physiological response

PCP (8 decks)

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