chapter 6: pathophysiology Flashcards
pathophysiology
the study of the functioning of the organism in the presence of stress, illness, or disease.
aetiology
the cause of a disease process
3 main components of the cell
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
cell
the basic self sustaining unit of the human body
4 types of tissues
- epithelium
- endothelial
- connective tissue
- adipose tissue
homeostasis
state of being in complete balance
ligands
molecules that are either produced by the body or given as a drug
cell membrane
consists of fat and protein, it surrounds the cell and protects the internal components within the cytoplasm
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
4 types of nerve tissue
neurons
dendrites
axons
synapse
4 types of hormones
endocrine
exocrine
paracrine
autocrine
atrophy
a decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components
hypertrophy
an increase in cell size due to synthesis of more subcellular components
hyperplasia
increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue
dysplasia
an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells
metaplasia
the reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
osmosis
the movement of water down its concentration gradient and across a membrane
body fluids contain
water sodium chloride potassium calcium phosphorous magnesium
approximate % of fluid in the body
50%-70%
intracellular fluid
inside the cells
extracellular fluid
outside of the cells
interstitial fluid
surrounds tissue cells and includes cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid
intravascular fluid
found within the blood vessels but outside the cells themselves
hypertonic solution
the solution with a higher solute concentration has a higher osmotic pressure
hypotonic solution
the solution with a lower solute concentration and a lower osmotic pressure
isotonic solutions
solutions with equal solute concentrations
what % of blood is plasma
55%
passive transport diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
facilitated trasnport
a transport molecule within the membrane helps the movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
filtration
the movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area oh high pressure to an area of low pressure
active transport
movement via pumps or transport molecules that require energy and move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
renin
a protein that is released by the kidneys into the bloodstream
chloride
an important anion that when combined with sodium makes table salt
osmoreceptors
monitor extracellular fluid osmolarity. sensors for these receptors are located primarily in the hypothalamus. when the extracellular fluid is too high they stimulate the production of ADH
volume sensitive receptors
located in the atria, when the intravascular fluid volume increases, the atria are stretched leading to the release of natriuretic proteins
baroreceptors
found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and the kidneys, they are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
tonicity
the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane
hypernatrimia
a serum sodium level greater than or equal to 143 mEq/L
hyponatrimia
a serum sodium level less than or equal to 135 mEq/L
hypokalemia
a decreased serum potassium level
hyperkalemia
an elevated serum potassium level
hypocalcemia
decreased serum calcium level
hypercalcemia
increased serum calcium level
hypophosphatemia
a decrease in serum phosphate levels
hyperphosphatemia
an increase in serum phophate levels
hypomagnesemia
decreased serum magnesium level
hypermagnesemia
increased serum magnesium level
pH
the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
buffers
molecules that modulate changes in pH
alkalosis
a blood pH greater than 7.45
acidosis
a blood pH less than 7.35
metabolic acidosis
an accumulation of abnormal acids in the blood for any several reasons
metabolic alkalosis
a build up of excess metabolic base or loss of normal acid
respiratory acidosis
CO2 retention leads to increase PaCO2 levels
respiratory alkalosis
excessive “blowing off”
often called hyperventilation
necrosis
the death of body tissue
viruses
intracellular parasites that take over the metabolic processes of the host cell and then use the cell to help them replicate
apoptosis
normal cell death
autosomal recessive
a pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes
autosomal dominant
a person needs to inherit only one copy of a particular form of gene to show that trait
albinism
lack of pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair.
cystic fibrosis
pancreatic failure, mucus build up in the lungs
sickle cell anemia
abnormal hemoglobin characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct vital capillaries
tay-sachs disease
improper metabolism of gangliosides in nerve cells
phenylketouria
accumulation of phenylalanine in blood; causes an intellectual disability
achondroplasia
dwarfism resulting from a deficit in epiphyseal plates that interferes with the formation of long bones
diabetes mellitus
chronic disorder of metabolism associated with partial insulin secretion or total lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, which effects the patients ability to utilize glucose
hemophilia
an inherited disorder characterized by impaired homeostasis
hemolytic anemia
increased destruction of red blood cells
ketoacidosis-prone (type 1) diabetes
insulin dependant diabetes
nonketoacidosis-prone (type 2) diabetes
non-insulin dependant diabetes
hemochromatosis
inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs
cardiomyopathy
general term for diseases of the myocardium
long QT syndrome
cardiac conduction system abnormality that results in prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG
perfusion
delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes from the cells, organs, and tissues by the circulatory system
hypoperfusion
when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal
shock
abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell, resulting in impairment of cell metabolism and inadequate perfusion of vital organs
central shock
consists of cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock
cardiogenic shock
occurs when the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery
(the most common cause is myocardial infarction)
obstructive shock
occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels
peripheral shock
includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock
pericardial tamponade
diastolic filling of the right ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart
hypovolemic shock
the circulating blood volume is unable to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body
the earliest signs of shock
restlessness and anxiety
distributive shock
occurs when there is a widespread dilation of the resistance vessels, the capacitance vessels or both
3 most common types of distributive shock
1) anaphylactic shock
2) septic shock
3) neurogenic shock
anaphylactic shock
histamine and other vasodilator proteins are released on exposure to an allergen
accompanied by wheezing and urticaria
septic shock
occurs as a result of widespread infection
neurogenic shock
usually results from spinal cord injury, the effect is loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation
normal capillary refill time
less than 2 seconds
multiple organ dysfunction syndrom (MODS)
a progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of several organs
primary MODS
a direct result of an insult
ex) a pulmonary contusion from striking the chest on the steering wheel during a collision
secondary MODS
organ dysfunction that occurs as integral component to the patients response
ex) renal failure following trauma
when does MODS occur
when injuries or infection triggers a massive systematic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response with release of inflammatory mediators
immune system
includes all structures and processes associated with the body’s defence against foreign substances and disease causing agents
the bodies 3 lines of defense
anatomic barriers
inflammatory response
immune response
anatomic barriers
decrease the chances of bodily invasion by foreign substances
inflammatory response
a response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness and heat
ex) white blood cells
immune response
the body’s defence reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign
lymphatic system
a network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes and organs that help maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and conveying it through the body
2 primary lymphoid tissues
bone marrow
thymus gland
bone marrow
specialized soft tissue found within bone
lymph
a thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body, it circulates through lymph vessels and is filtered in lymph nodes
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
clusters of lymphoid tissues are associated with the skin and the respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts
5 types of white blood cells
neutrophil eosinophil basophil monocyte lymphocyte
native immunity
a nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the first line of defence against pathogens
acquired immunity
highly specific, inducible, discriminatory, and unforgetting method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant
antigen
a foreign substance that induces an immune response on the body
antibody
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
immunogen
an antigen that activates immune cells to generate an immune response itself
hapten
a substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but that can be combined with an antigen and then later initiate an immune response on its own
humoral immunity
b cell lymphocytes produce antibodies, which then react with a specific antigen
immunoglobulins
the antibodies secreted by b cells
opsonization
an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells
cell mediated immunity
t cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and contribute to the immune response
chemotaxins
attract lymphocytes fro the circulation to help fight infection
membrane attack complex
set of proteins that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane weakening those areas in the membrane
autoantibodies
antibodies directed against the patient
active hyperemia
increased intravascular pressure
complement system
a group of plasma proteins that attract white blood cells to sites of inflammation, activate white blood cells and directly destroy cells
fibrin
the protein that bonds to form the fibrous components of a blood clot
fibrinolysis cascade
activated to dissolve the fibrin and create fibrin split products
leukotrienes
slow reacting substances of anaphylaxes
prostaglandins
substances derived from arachidonic acid
2 major stages of PMNs
intravascular phase
extravascular phase
kinen system
leads to the formation of vasoactive protein bradykinen
cytokines
products of cells that affect the function of other cells
interleukins
attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion
interferon
protein produced by cells when they are invaded by viruses
lymphokines
stimulate leukocytes
types of cells
labile cells
stable cells
permanent cells
hypersensitivity
any bodily response to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity
allergy
a hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent
autoimmunity
the production of antibodies or t cells that work against the tissues of ones own body
isoimmunity
the formation of t cells or antibodies directed against the antigens on another persons cells
Rh factor
indicates whether or not the blood of two different individuals can be mixed
general adaptation syndrome
a three stage reaction to stressors both physical and emotional
3 stages of GAS
1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion
stress
medical term or a wide range of strong external stimuli both physiological and psychological that can cause a physiological response
