Chapter 7: Person-Centered Therapy

Question 1

Carl Rogers

Answer 1

major spokesperson of human psychology
foundational idea of central role of client-therapist relationship as means to growth and change
the first to study counseling process in depth
first to conduct major studies in psychotherapy using quantitative methods
first to formulate comprehensive theory of personality
father of psychotherapy research

Question 2

Natalie Rogers

Answer 2

pioneer in expressive arts therapy
developed the concept of the creative connection

Question 3

roger’s basic assumptions

Answer 3

people are essentially trustworthy
they have vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems
capable of self-directed growth
**all this without huge therapist intervention

Question 4

Zimring, Raskin, Bozarth, and Tausch four periods of development for Carl Rogers theory

Answer 4

1st. 1940s non directive counseling
2nd: 1950s client-centered therapy (characterized by shift to focus on phenomenological world of the client)
3rd: late 1950s - 1970s; addressed the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapy
4th: 1980s-1990s; his theory became known as person-centered approach

Question 5

non directive counseling

Answer 5

counselor creates a permissive and non directive climate
challenged notion that counselor knows best

Question 6

student-centered teachin

Answer 6

educational approach where client-centered philosophy is applied

Question 7

emotion focused therapy (EFT)

Answer 7

experiential approach to therapy that is empirically supported and research-informed
person-centered approach
designed to help clients increase their awareness of their emotions and make productive use of them

Question 8

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) two major tasks

Answer 8

help clients with too little emotion access their emotions help clients who experience too much emotion contain their emotions

Question 9

third force in therapy

Answer 9

alternative to the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches
includes existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and gestalt therapy.

Question 10

existentialism vs humanism

Answer 10

similar: both emphasize uniqueness of client experience and concepts such as freedom, choice, values, etc
different: existential focuses on anxiety and stark realities of human experiences, humanists take a more optimistic view that we all have natural potential

Question 11

humanistic psychology

Answer 11

furthered understanding of self-actualizing individuals
pioneered by Abraham Maslow

Question 12

core characteristics of self-actualizing people

Answer 12

self-awareness, freedom, basic honest and caring, and trust and autonomy
can strive for self-actualizing after meeting 4 out of 5 of hierarchy of needs

Question 13

hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

physiological needs: basic needs such as food and sleep
safety needs: sense of security and stability
belonging and love
need for esteem: both from self and others
self-transcendence: motivational step beyond self-actualization

Question 14

self-transcendence

Answer 14

provides a comprehensive understanding of worldviews regarding the meaning of life
a broader understanding of the motivational roots of altruism, social progress, and wisdom,
a basis for the integration of spirituality in mainstream psych
a more integrated multicultural approach to psychological theory

Question 15

positive psychology

Answer 15

shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
advocates Called for increase studies in hope, courage, authentic happiness, etc.
help people thrive, not survive

Question 16

person-centered view on human nature

Answer 16

the client has the ability to move forward in a constructive manner if fostering growth condition are met
people are trustworthy, resourceful, and capable of self-understanding and making productive changes to their lives

Question 17

three attributes that therapist use to help create a growth-promoting climate

Answer 17

congruence (genuineness)
unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring)
accurate empathic understanding (grasp subjective world of person)

Question 18

actualizing tendency

Answer 18

directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination
based on Maslow (1970) study

Question 19

therapeutic goals

Answer 19

assist clients in achieving a greater degree of independence and intergration so they can better cope with problems as they identify them

Question 20

therapist function and told

Answer 20

rooted in their ways of being and attitude

Question 21

What are the best predictors that a client will improve in therapy

Answer 21

active
open
non-defensive

Question 22

relationship between therapist and client

Answer 22

the better the therapeutic relationship, the better the outcomes

Question 23

Roger’s hypothesis

Answer 23

if the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will occur (it does not vary between client + necessary and efficient)
1. two persons in psychological contact
2. the first, client, is in state of incongruence, being vulnerable and anxious
3. the second person, therapist, congruent (which is perceived by client)
4. the therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client
5. the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client
6. the communication to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard to is to a minimal degree achieved

Question 24

Congruence/genuineness

Answer 24

through authenticity, therapist serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness
therapist remains genuine and honest without force or over self-disclosure
neither unconditional positive regard or empathy can operate without this first step

Question 25

unconditional positive regard and acceptance

Answer 25

non-possessive and not contaminated by evaluation or judgement of client’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior as good/bad.

Question 26

accurate empathic understanding

Answer 26

understand clients experience and feelings sensitively and accurately in the moment
the capacity to see the world of another by assuming the internal from of reference of that person
foundation of all therapeutic approaches

Question 27

empathy

Answer 27

deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client

Question 28

roger’s integral model of empathy that is based on three ways of knowing

Answer 28

subjective empathy
interpersonal empathy
objective empathy

Question 29

subjective empathy

Answer 29

enables practicioners to experience what it is like to be the client

Question 30

interpersonal empathy

Answer 30

pertains to understanding a clients internal frame of reference

Question 31

objective empathy

Answer 31

relies on knowledge sources outside of a clients frame of reference

Question 32

accurate empathic

Answer 32

implies that the therapist will sense clients feelings as if they were their own without becoming lost in those feelings

Question 33

empathetic therapists

Answer 33

strive to discover the meaning of the clients experience, understand the overall goals of the client, and tailor their responses to the specific client

Question 34

immediacy

Answer 34

addressing what is going on between client and therapist
highly valued in person-centered therapy

Question 35

therapeutic thechniques and methods

Answer 35

none specified, therapist must adjust it depending on the client
free to use an array; must ask “does it fit?”; therapist must continuously monitor this and adjust accordingly

Question 36

the role of assessment

Answer 36

person-centered do not follow traditional ones since it is limiting
depend on clients self-assessment

Question 37

application of person-centered philosophy

Answer 37

effective for a wide variety of problems
basic concepts are straightforward and easy to comprehend, making it easy for clients to utilize at home

Question 38

application to crisis intervention

Answer 38

1. give them an opportunity to fully express themselves
2. actions from there

Question 39

application to group counseling

Answer 39

therapist is facilitator, not leader
facilitator must be honest and genuine to be trusted and have group flow (person-centered climate)

Question 40

application of person-centered approach with children/teens/school counseling

Answer 40

make yourself known prior to session
lots of nonverbal communication to send message of safe environment
help kids make their own decisions and choose what they need to be successful

Question 41

expressive arts therapy

Answer 41

Natalie rogers
tends the person-centered approach to spontaneous creative expression , which symbolizes deep and sometimes inaccessible feelings and emotional states
integrates mind, body, emotions, and inner spiritual resources

Question 42

principles of expressive arts therapy

Answer 42

-all people have an innate ability to be creative
-the creative process is transformative and healing
-personal growth and higher states of consciousness are thieved through self-awareness, self-understanding, and insight
-self-awareness, understanding, and insight are achieved by delving into our feelings of grief, anger, pain, fear, joy and ecstasy
- our feelings and emotions are an energy source that can be channeled into the arts to be released and transformed
- the expressive arts lead us into the unconscious and find new facets of ourselves
-one art form stimulates and nurtures the other, bringing us to an inner core or essence that is our life energy
-a connection exists between our life force (inner core/soul), and the essence of all beings
-as we journey toward discovering our essence, we discover our relatedness to the outer world, to have inner and outer become one

Question 43

conditions to foster creativity

Answer 43

acceptance of the individual
nonjudgemental setting
empathy
psychological freedom
availability of stimulating and challenging experiences

Question 44

multicultural strengths of person-centered therapy

Answer 44

had a huge impact on the field of human relations with diverse cultural groups
studied across countries
the core conditions allow there to be a great openness to multiple cultures and experiences
therapist does not assume and adjusts therapy according to client

Question 45

shortcomings from diversity perspective

Answer 45

clients that want more structure than what is provided
it is difficult to translate the core therapeutic conditions into actual practice with certain cultures (clients who can’t deal with direct expressions of empathy)
focuses o an internal locus of evaluation (people from collectivist cultures may have difficultly exploring individualistic perspective/autonomy)