Chapter 7 Patterns Of Subsistence

Question 1

Ecosystem

Answer 1

functioning system that is comprised of both the natural environment and the organisms that inhabit it.

Question 2

Progress

Answer 2

the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection.

Question 3

3 Modes of Subsistence

Answer 3

Food Foraging Societies (nomadic, occupy marginal env. small size of local groups)

Food Producing Societies

Industrialized Societies

Question 4

Do food foraging societies have an egalitarian or a caste system?

Answer 4

Egalitarian - they have few possessions and share what they have.

Question 5

The Neolithic Era is also known as what?

This time period marks the emergence of a transition to food producing. (STONE TOOLS)

Answer 5

The New Stone Age

neo (new) lithic (stone)

Question 6

When did the Neolithic Era begin?

Answer 6

the prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago

Question 7

What sort of technologies and foods were available during the Neolithic Era?

Answer 7

Stone-based technologies

Domesticated plants and/or animals

Question 8

What sort of transition did the Neolithic Era mark?

Answer 8

The transition to food-PRODUCING.

Question 9

What are the three main forms of food producing subsistence patterns?

Answer 9

Horticulture
Agriculture
Pastoralism

Question 10

Horticulture is:

Answer 10

The cultivation of crops using simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

Question 11

Slash-and-burn cultivation:

Answer 11

An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes

Question 12

How is agriculture defined and what types of technology does it use (what DOESN’T IT USE?)

Answer 12

cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production.

Uses technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals.

Question 13

Characteristics of food producing societies? How and where do they live?

Answer 13

they live together, near their fields in fixed settlements.

Question 14

Pastoralism or animal husbandry is defined as:

Do they stay put or do they wander?

How are they similar to food foragers?

Answer 14

raising & maintaining herds of domesticated animals.

usually nomadic

they are similar to food foragers in that they need to find fresh resources for themselves as well as their herds.

Question 15

Intensive Agriculture - the growth of agriculture leads to

Answer 15

farming communities grow from small villages into cities w/ centers for market exchange.

Question 16

Centers of Market Exchange allow for people to

Answer 16

engage in other activities (ie blacksmiths, carpenters, sculptors, basket makers, stonecutters) which eventually leads to urbanization.

Question 17

As culture becomes more complex urban dwellers begin to rely on_____

Answer 17

farmers for their food supply

Question 18

Reliance on farmers for food leads urban dwellers to realize the need to: which leads to what change?

Answer 18

seek control over rural areas. Farmers eventually turn into peasants.

Question 19

Industrial Food Production begins with what invention?

Answer 19

The Steam Engine (200 years ago in England)

Question 20

What led to technologies that utilize oil, electricity, and nuclear energy?

Answer 20

Industrial Food Production

Question 21

Carrying capacity

Answer 21

of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques

Question 24

Food foragers tend to live in what type of marginal environments?

Are they large or small?

Answer 24

Marginal (desert, arctic, tropical).

Small size of local groups (less that 100 members)