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Chemistry > Chapter 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of an alkene?

A
  • unsaturated = contain at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms
  • first three alkenes are: ethene propene butene
  • methene doesn’t exist!
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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A ‘family’ of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties They have the same general formula and follow regular trend for physical properties eg boiling point increases as you go along sequence

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4
Q

Why aren’t alkenes used as fuels?

A

Less likely to completely combust

Give off a lot of smoke - soot and CO from incomplete combustion

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5
Q

What are the alkene addition reactions

A
  • alkene + water(steam) = alcohol
  • alkene + hydrogen = alkane
  • alkene + halogen (chlorine/bromine/iodine) = halogenoalkane
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6
Q

What happens when you add bromine water to an alkene?

A

The alkene reacts with the bromine turning it from an orange-red to colourless

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7
Q

How do we determine if something is an alkane or alkene?

A

Use bromine water addition reaction because alkanes don’t react

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8
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

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10
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons?

A
  • The shorter the chain the more runny/less viscous
  • The shorter the chain the more volatile (turn into gas at lower temp)
  • The shorter the chain the more flammable
  • The longer the chain the higher the boiling point
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11
Q

What is the word equation for combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water

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12
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + (insufficient) oxygen > carbon monoxide + water

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13
Q

How are the hydrocarbons in crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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14
Q

What is a fraction in fractional distillation?

A

Group of similar chain length and similar boiling point

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15
Q

Are long or short chains more useful

A

Short chains

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16
Q

What is cracking used for?

A

To break longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chains

17
Q

Equation for cracking

A

long chain alkane > short chain alkane + alkene

18
Q

What are the two types of cracking

A 
Steam = mix with steam
Catalytic = pass it over powered catalyst eg Al2O3
19
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A
  • Drinks
  • Perfume
  • Solvent
  • Antiseptic
  • Fuel
20
Q

What are the first four alcohols?

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

21
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

22
Q

What are the two ways ethanol can be produced?

A

Ethene + steam

Fermentation

23
Q

What is ethene + steam?

A

React ethene and steam to produce ethanol

  • non-renewable as ethene comes from crude oil
  • Requires more energy as oil and water need to be heated
  • Continuous process
  • Not carbon neutral
  • Fast rate
  • Conditions: catalyst = phosphoric acid, temp 300, high pressure
  • Very pure - 100% only product produced
24
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Glucose respires anaerobically to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

  • renewable
  • Less energy needed (only 37 degrees)
  • Batch process
  • Carbon neutral
  • Slow rate
  • Conditions: catalyst = yeast, temp 37, no oxygen
  • Not very pure - only 15% of products is ethanol
25
Q

What is the word equation for the combustion of alcohol?

A

alcohol + oxygen > water + carbon dioxide

26
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an alcohol and sodium?

A

alcohol + sodium > alkoxide (e.g. sodium ethoxide) + hydrogen

27
Q

What is the word equation for the oxidation of alcohols

A

alcohol > carboxylic acid

28
Q

What affects the solubility of alcohols in water?

A

Chain length - short = more soluble, long = less soluble

29
Q

What are the 4 homologous series?

A

alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids

30
Q

What are the first four carboxylic acids>

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

31
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

32
Q

What is produced when ethanoic acid is reacted with ethanol?

A

Ethyl ethanoate + water

33
Q

What is ethyl ethanoate?

A

An ester

Chemistry (11 decks)

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