Chapter 10 - Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four key things humans use resources for?

A
  • Warmth
  • Shelter
  • Food
  • Transport
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2
Q

Where do resources come from?

A

Often from agriculture e.g. cotton from plants
Chemistry sometimes can provide a synthetic alternative that replace natural resources e.g. produce rubber from crude oil instead of getting it from the sap of a tree

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3
Q

What does sustainable mean?

A

We can meet our needs without preventing future generations from being able to meet theirs

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4
Q

What is pure water?

A

Water with no dissolved substances

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5
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink (contains low levels of dissolved substances)

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6
Q

How to we produce potable water from fresh water?

A
  1. Find fresh water source e.g. river
  2. Pass through filter bed to remove leaves and suspended particles
  3. Sterilise to kill microbes using chlorine (or ozone or UV light)
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7
Q

What is the process called to get potable water from salty water?

A

Desalination

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8
Q

What are the two types of desalination?

A
  • Distillation

- Reverse osmosis

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9
Q

What are the downsides to desalination?

A

Both methods require a lot of energy so are very expensive

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10
Q

How do you analyse if water is pure?

A
  1. Check pH by placing small amount of water onto universal indicator paper. If it turns green, pH = 7 and the water could be pure
  2. Test for solids (dissolved substances) - record weight of empty evaporating basin, then weigh with water. Evaporate water using a bunsen burner. Weigh basin again. If weight is higher than the weight of the empty basin then it is impure.
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11
Q

How do you purify water by distillation?

A
  1. Heat water until it evaporates and forms steam
  2. Steam travels along delivery tube and condenses in cold test tube
  3. This is distilled/pure water
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12
Q

What equipment is needed to purify water by distillation?

A
  • Bunsen burner
  • Tripod
  • Gauze
  • Conical flask
  • Bung attached to delivery tube
  • Test tube in ice bath (beaker filled with water and ice)
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13
Q

What is produced/what is the digested sludge used for?

A
  • Biogas produced during digestion

- Digested sludge = fertiliser

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14
Q

Water is also used in industries e.g. to make paper and chemicals. What needs to be done before the waste water can go through general sewage treatment?

A

Harmful chemicals need to be removed

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15
Q

What is the easiest way to produce potable water?

A

Use ground water from aquifiers - usually safe once traeted with chlorine

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16
Q

Why are aquifiers sometimes not a safe source for potable water.

A

Can be polluted by things such as fertiliser. This means the water needs to be tested

17
Q

Why is general sewage treatment only used for potable water when water is scarce?

A

There are so many steps so it is a long process

18
Q

What is the easiest way to produce potable water?

A

Use ground water from aquifiers - usually safe once treated with chlorine

19
Q

What is the usual method to extract metal?

A

Mining metal ores

20
Q

Metals ores are running out. What are we going to have to use instead?

A

Low-grade ores

21
Q

What is phytomining?

A
  1. Plants grown on land containing metal compound we want
  2. Plants absorb the compound
  3. The plants are harvested and burned, which produces an ash that contains a relatively high concentration of the metal compound
22
Q

What is bioleaching?

A
  1. Bacteria is mixed with the low-grade ore
  2. The bacteria carry out chemical reactions and produce a solution called leachate
  3. The leachate contains the desired compound
23
Q

After phytomining or bioleaching, how do we extract the metal from the metal compound?

A

Using displacement reactions or electrolysis

24
Q

What is the aim of a life-cycle assessment?

A

It attempts to put a number on the environmental impact of a product

25
Q

What stages make up a life-cycle assessment?

A
  1. Assess impact of extracting and processing the raw materials - how much energy is needed and are there any harmful waste products produced
  2. Assess the environmental impact if the product during its lifetime
  3. Disposal of products - energy required to dispose of harmful chemicals or transportation to landfill/recycling centre
26
Q

What are the issues with life-cycle assessments?

A
  • can’t always be certain how environmentally damaging something is so have to make estimations which aren’t always accurate
  • can be biased to support advertisers’ best interests
27
Q

Life-cycle assessment of a plastic bag

A
  • made using chemicals from crude oil = non-renewable and extraction can be harmful to habitats
  • needs to be chemically processed = lot of energy and waste products
  • reusable and strong
  • transportation to landfill
  • non-biodegradable
28
Q

Life-cycle assessment of a paper bag

A
  • made using wood from trees = renewable but destructive to habitats
  • production of paper requires a lot of water
  • needs to be chemically processed = lot of energy and waste products
  • one-time use as not strong
  • transportation to recycling centre (heavier than plastic bags = more energy)
  • biodegradable
29
Q

Why is recycling important?

A
  • Helps save limited resources and energy
  • Reduces waste produced
  • Reduces harm to environment
30
Q

How is glass recycled?

A
  • Products like glass bottles can easily be reused for the same use
  • They can be crushed/melted to make different glass products
31
Q

How is metal recycled?

A
  • It is melted and then recast into different products

- Metals usually need to be separated before