Chapter 7 Notes Flashcards by Ruth Bangs

Dhows

Small swift trading ships- contributed to spread of Islamic civ

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Al-Mahdi

775-785: 3rd Abbasid caliph- tried to reconcile w/ shi’a- fail
> Harun Al-Rasid (786-809)- thousand and one nights

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Decline

Political divisions/ succession prob> civil wars

Dependent on Barmishides (Persian advisors)> power struggles w/caliph

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Al-ma’mun

(813-833)- body guard of 4000 slaves + 70000+ mercenary force
Won civil war> need to build personal armies to secure throne
Mil. Power/ slave mercenaries

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Imperial break down

Temporary slave-army control, civil balance
Tried to est. new capital> expensive construction + more troops= high taxs
Peasants die, flee, join gangs/vagabonds- shi’a encourage
Irrigation in Tigris-Euphrates-disrepair

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Decline of women’s position

Herem(created by Abbasid court) + veil, seclusion,
Low class- farm, wove clothes/rugs, raise silkworms
High- all home work, unseen pawn of husband, work for sons succession

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slaves (general/female)

concubines(slaves)- free by healthy sons, slaves captured/purchased from non Muslim regions-prized for beauty/intelligence> greater attraction over wives, more personal liberty

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Nomadic incursions/eclipse of caliphal power

Provinces>kingdoms try to take over

945- Buyids of Persia- take Baghdad> Sultan-“victorious” (Arabic) shi’a rise
1055: Seljuk Turks- Sunnis: purge shi’a officials- kept byzan./ Egypt out

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Crusades

Goal: capture the holy land

Starts 1096-early most successful (division and surprise) June 1099- Jerusalem taken- Muslim/ Jew killed

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Crusade impact

Little threat to Muslims
Greater impact on t than Muslims
Euro borrowing; damascene swords, fortifications, science/med(better Muslim docs), recover Greek learning, Indian #s, rug/textiles, dates, coffee, yogurt, chess, chivalry

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Saladin

Retakes lands in 1291 @ Acrel

-united princes

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Age of learning/ artistic refinements

Urban growth, decline but intellectual thrive, life became dangerous but rapid growth and prosperity

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Flowering of Persian literature

Persians= central role in imperial politics , lang.= high culture, primary written land in Abbasid court (Arabic: lang still for religion, law, + natural sci)
-Shah-Nama: epic by firdawsi- Persian history, battles, love affairs, intrigues
Other topics: state craft, common life, communicate w/ divine, blend of mystical and common place

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Educational achievements

Math: build/ add onto theories of Greeks
Chemistry: experiment, Al-Razi- classify all material substances
-Al-Birni- sophistication, weight of 18 minerals

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Practical Application

Best hospitals: reg. study + pass formal exam
Optic + bladder ailments
Paper-making,silk-weaving, ceramic firing
Best maps

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Theme for Muslim world

Social strife/ political divisions vs. trading links/ intellectual creativity

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Ulama

Orthodox religious scholars- suspicion/ hostility to non- Islamic ideas and thinking, Greek learning
-Quran final perfect complete
Promoted by crusades

Al- Ghazali

Greatest Islamic theologian

Tried to fuse Greek/ Arab traditions

Sufis

Muslim holy men- responsible for most conversions> expand Islam
Mystics seeking personal union w/God
Used meditation, songs, drugs, dancing(whirling dervishes)

Nomadic invasion and end of caliphate

Mongols(chinggis)- 1220s(hulegu)-1250s - took heartlands
1258- took Baghdad- never recovers
37th and last caliph killed
Mongols until defeated by Mamluks (Turkish slaves ruling egypt)

Which cities become dominate after the mongols?

Cairo in the west, Istanbul (Constantinople) in north

Religious differences- Hindu/ Islam

H: open, tolerant
I: exclusively monotheistic, religiously restrictive

Social Diffs: Hindu/ Islam

I: egalitarian
H: castes, socially restrictive

Hindu/ Islam interactions

Violent> eventual wary peace

Strive to find agreements but still tensions> war

First Muslim invasions

Arab sea-traders attacked by Indian pirates>> Muhammad Ibn Qasim (17) 10000 horse/ camel troops- declared Sind + Indus Valley province of Umayyad>> treated as dimhi, religious freedom, local officials retain titles/rule Largely still Hindu/budd

Indian influence on Islamic civilizations

- Used Indian science, math, and astronomers - Indian #s, music, chess - physicians used in hospitals - adopted dress, food, rode on elephants

2nd Muslim invasions Part 1

- Conflict w: Umayyad + Abbasid weakened Muslim hold - Muslim Turkish Slave Dynasty 962 - Muhammad of Ghazni- conquest of N. India- seized political control

2nd Muslims invasions Part 2

- Muhammad of Ghur: state in Indus V. + Bengal - control of Indus/ N.C. India - Qutb-ud-Din: slave lieutenants who seized power- new cap. Delhi>> 300yrs of sultans of Delhi

Patterns of conversion(Hindu -> Islam)

Islam becomes a part of India - few forcibly converted- spread by traders and Sufi mystics (sim to gurus)-belief in magic- charisma - most converts from budd/ low caste> like cause no head tax (amount others)

Hindus on accommodation

Hindus not initially concerned, Hindus=admin, remained separate, - some Muslims adopt Hindi ways- young marriage, sati, coins w/ Hindu images, divided (castes)

Bhaktic Cults

Hindus couldn't absorb Islam> greater emphasis on DEVOTIONAL CULTS of gods - open to both genders + untouchables

Mira Bai

(Female) Religious poet/ song writer

Kabir

Muslim weaver- played down significance of religious Diffs- claimed to provide path to spiritual fulfillment

What else does Hinduism do to stop Islamic conversions?

Offer salvation through spiritual intoxication: chants, dances, drugs, state of ecstasy> emotional attachment to gods> no sin/castes- shiva, Vishnu, Kali >> Brahmans finally accused Muslims as infidel Hindu destroyers and dirty meat eaters

How Islam spread to SE Asia

- On Middle ground: euro-Asian trade met Indian Ocean trade - Import important SE products-aromatic woods/spices to china - 8th C. On- coastal Indian trade controlled by Muslims

Shrivijaya

SE Asia Buddhist Trading emp. > 13th C. Collapse> open up to Islam

SE Asia- trading contacts/ conversion

Peaceful contact + voluntary conversion, port centers on N coast of Sumatra convert >spread

Malacca

Smaller trading emp. Who replaced shrivijaya= key to wide spread conversion on mainland

SE Asia conversion pattern

``` Malacca> Malaya coasts- e. Sumatra> demak, Java (most powerful trading state) Javanese ports(long struggle w/ hin-budd kingdom) island conversion Trade links critical= personal ties ```

Sufis in SE Asia

Syncretism- Sufis open to ways of interactions- allowed pre-Islam beliefs - women retained stronger position, markets-buyers/sellers, matrilineal inheritance

Global connections

Growing orthodoxy, ulama intolerance, + belief that Islamic world had all requirements for civ.ed life> less receptive to outside influence >> bad timing: t rivals being period of unprecedented curiosity/ experimentation