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Human Body > Chapter 7 - Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular System…

A
  • Made of muscle
  • 650 muscles, about 40% of are body weight
  • All muscles composed of muscle fibers
  • Provides movement, body heat, storage of energy, protect the sheets of muscle, protect internal organs, alignments, position and shape of the body.
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2
Q

Skeletal System…

A
  • Made of bone, joints, tendons, cartilage and ligaments
  • 206 bones in adults
  • Provides protection (which surrounds body cavity), a framework for the body (shape & support), assist with movement (a places for muscle to attach to) and storage of minerals (calcium, potassium; gets release into the circulation as your body needs it)
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3
Q

Musculoskeletal System…

A
  • Help the body move, protect internal organs and keep us upright
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4
Q

Skeletal muscle…

A
  • Voluntary: its under are conscious control
  • Appear striated or stripe
  • Provides movement of are body
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5
Q

Smooth muscle…

A
  • Involuntary: it operate automatically
  • Appears non-striated
  • Help with mobility functions
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6
Q

Cardiac muscle…

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Involuntary: it operate automatically
  • Causes contraction of heart muscle to maintain blood flow
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7
Q

Excitability…

A
  • The ability to receive and response to a stimulus
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8
Q

Contractility…

A
  • The ability to shorten or contract

- This is when the movement occurs

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9
Q

Extensibility…

A
  • The ability to stretch
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10
Q

Elasticity…

A
  • Able to stretch and return to its original shape and length
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11
Q

Joints hold…and measure by…

A
  • Bones firmly together, but still allow movement

- A degree like how much range of motion (ROM) someone can do

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12
Q

Ligaments…

A
  • Allow movement in some directions while restricting it in other directions
  • Hold bones together either around or across a joint to keep it in place
  • Fiber band and connected tissue
  • Can tears and sprains
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13
Q

Tendons…

A
  • Non-elastic
  • Go with a lot of force
  • Can tears and sprains
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14
Q

Fascia…

A
  • Specialized flat band of tissue located just below the skin that covers and separates underlying tissues
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15
Q

Cartilage…

A
  • Semi-smooth, dense, supporting connective tissues that is found at the ends of the bones
  • Absorbs energy for force of weight
  • Press against the joint that prevents injury to joint, bone and cartilage.
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16
Q

Bursae make it…

A
  • possible for tissue to glide over each other without creating friction
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17
Q

Back pain is…

A
  • A very common condition

- Muscular and skeletal complain

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18
Q

Symptoms of back pain include…

A
  • Joint stiffness, inflammation, swollen, weight loss (orthopedic symptom), bone mass loss, form mate of bone, fatigue, weakness, tenderness and swollen joint and bone
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19
Q

Back pain Tx depend on…

A
  • The condition, immobility, range of motion(ROM) and loss of motion
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20
Q

Fibromyalgia is…

A
  • Chronic, very common
  • It’s pain associated with stiffness and tenderness
  • Will affect muscle, tendon and joints throughout the body
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21
Q

Symptoms of Fibromyalgia include…

A
  • Restless sleep (can’t get comfortable and constant pain), chronic pain(like depression and anxiety), stiffness, loss of motion (can’t brush teeth or open a jar)
  • Symptoms can be very non-specific
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22
Q

What is the cause of Fibromyalgia and what kind of test can diagnose it?

A
  • Cause is unknown, difficult to diagnose
  • Can take a long time to diagnose
  • No specific test studies can diagnose it
  • Usually you go to the lab to rule out other health conditions
  • You may look fine on the outside
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23
Q

Tx for Fibromyalgia…

A
  • Warm shower, sitting in a warm pool, ice bath, walking, talking to someone or medications (take it early in the AM) for constant pain and help with stress
  • Swimming, low impact exercise
  • Get out and move for physical and mental pain
  • Try and see what works
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24
Q

Lordosis is…

A
  • Excessive inward curvature of the spine

- Happen in the lower back

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25
Q

Cause of Lordosis…

A
  • Pregnancy, obesity and some have it naturally, rapid skeletal growth that occurs without the necessary natural stretching of posterior soft tissues
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26
Q

Symptoms of Lordosis…

A
  • Low back pain, muscle fatigue, tightness, numbness in leg, nerve in pitchmen
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27
Q

Tx for Lordosis…

A
  • Brace, surgery, PT, spinal fusion, displacement osteotomy

- Weight loss and exercise to strengthen abdominal muscles, if obesity is the cause

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28
Q

Kyphosis is…

A
  • Abnormal excessive outward curve of the spine in the upper back (Buffalo hump)
  • Very mild to very sever
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29
Q

Cause of Kyphosis…

A
  • In children: believed to be developmental, tumors or tuberculosis of the vertebral bodies and ankylosing spondylitis
  • Some are brought on by medical conditions like parkinson
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30
Q

How is Lordosis diagnose?

A
  • X-ray, physical exam, and listening to the symptoms
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31
Q

Tx of Kyphosis…

A
  • Braces, medications for pain, and exercise to strengthen the muscles and ligaments
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32
Q

Scoliosis is…

A
  • Side wave curve of the spine
  • Lateral curve
  • Degeneration joint disease or degenerative
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33
Q

Symptoms of Kyphosis…

A
  • Burning, mild pain, fatigue, tenderness along the spine and decrease mobility
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34
Q

How is Kyphosis diagnose?

A
  • X-rays and clinical symptoms
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35
Q

Cause of Scoliosis…

A
  • Injury or assault to the area, genetic in some cases, uneven leg lengths, muscle degeneration or paralysis, deformities of the vertebrae
  • Women sometime shoulder are uneven
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36
Q

How is Scoliosis diagnose?

A
  • Measure by a degree and X-rays
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37
Q

Tx for Scoliosis…

A
  • Depend how mild or sever is or isn’t

- Exercise, brace, and surgery

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38
Q

Symptoms of Scoliosis…

A
  • Back pain, fatigue and sometimes shortness of breath
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39
Q

What is Osteoarthritis(DJD)

A
  • develops as a result of normal wear and tear on the joints
  • Degeneration joint disease/ degeneration osteoarthritis
  • Most common
  • No known cause
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40
Q

What type of joint is Osteoarthritis(DJD)?

A
  • A type that break down loss of cartilage in 1 or more joint specific of aging
  • Happen as we age
  • Wear and tear the joint
41
Q

How is Osteoarthritis(DJD) diagnose?

A
  • Pet Scan: for severely or not and what joint is affected

- Listen to patient symptoms and what is the range of motion(ROM)

42
Q

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis(DJD)…

A
  • Soreness, aching, stiffness, edema, dull pain and deformity
43
Q

Tx for Osteoarthritis(DJD)…

A
  • Medication: take it before PT
  • PT, drug therapy, walking, nutritional management and supportive care
  • Ask what they have been doing for pain relieve and not doing for pain relieve? And what is working and not working?
44
Q

Is there a cure for Osteoarthritis(DJD)?

A
  • No cure, treat the symptoms so they can do daily things
45
Q

Lyme Disease is…

A
  • No one is immune
  • Happen anywhere
  • Ticks that bite and spread disease
  • Usually happen in tall grasses, woody area and seasonal when they are around
  • Caused by a spirochete bacterium
46
Q

Who can get Lyme Disease?

A
  • Human and animals can get them
47
Q

What to do if you are in area with ticks?

A
  • Wear long clothing
  • Remove clothes or anything you have with you
  • Check your clothes and on fold like toe, knee, scalp and behind ear
48
Q

Symptoms of Lyme Disease…

A
  • Like a flu or coming down with something, joint pain, swollen, fatigue, headache, run down, very tired, low grade fever, confusion and appetite changes
  • Red, itchy rash with a red circle center
49
Q

Tx for Lyme Disease…

A
  • Early detection is key
  • Remove the tick or go to the ER, if you know you got bit
  • ABx, treat pain, bed rest, physical therapy
  • Very treatable
50
Q

Lyme Disease may have a…

A
  • Long term affect

- Very mild to sever

51
Q

Gout causes…

A
  • Sever to excruciating pain when attack occurs

- an inherited abnormality of metabolism

52
Q

Gout is…

A
  • Chronic, it’s due to an increase of amount of urine acid, over production of acid or your body isn’t excrete the acid
  • Very painful. comes out very quickly, very acute, pain can peak within hour and can be very sever
53
Q

Who is Gout more common in?

A
  • Frequent in men than women
  • Men over age 30
  • Women usually until post menopause average around 55-57
54
Q

Where can you get Gout?

A
  • You can get it anymore, common in lower extremities
55
Q

Symptoms of Gout…

A
  • Pain at the area, chills, fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting
  • If prone to Gout, you can get flare up more than once
56
Q

How is Gout diagonse?

A
  • Microscopic examination of joint fluid
57
Q

Tx for Gout…

A
  • Control pain, bed rest, diary products, adequate fluid intake, elevate area, immobility the area, ice pack, steroid and exercise
  • Medication (If you got it Gout before and take it everyday)
  • Weight loss: if on your lower extremities
  • Limit alcohol intake
58
Q

Education for patient with Gout…

A
  • Weight loss, give a list of food or where to get it, what is safe and isn’t?
59
Q

Osteoporosis is…

A
  • Loss of normal bone density
60
Q

Osteoporosis caused by…

A
  • The imbalance between the breakdown of old bone tissue and the manufacture of new bone
61
Q

Who is more increase in Osteoporosis?

A
  • Increase in women: post menopause with Hx, small bone, Asian or Northern European
  • Increase in smoker
  • Genetic link
62
Q

How is Osteoporosis diagnose?

A
  • Hx: have a bone scan

- If detected, further evaluated for hormone imbalances, kidney disease, diet inadequacy and use of certain medications

63
Q

Symptoms of Osteoporosis…

A
  • Very mild to very sever pain: where you sneeze/cough and break a vertebrae)
  • Sometime no pain if occurs in the vertebrae or weight-bearing bones
  • Sometime spontaneous fractures
64
Q

Tx for Osteoporosis…

A
  • Depend on the cause
  • Estrogen replacement therapy (postmenopausal osteoporosis)
  • Treat symptoms
  • Calcium diet, Vitamin D
  • PT
  • Gentle exercise plan
65
Q

What can you ask Osteoporosis patient…

A
  • What medication are they taking
  • What other health condition do they have
  • Severely of pain and mobility
66
Q

Fracture…

A
  • There are many types

- It’s a broken bone

67
Q

Cause of Fracture…

A
  • Any force, external or internal, that disrupts the continuity of the bone
68
Q

Symptoms of Fracture…

A
  • Temperature change, feels numb, tingly, feels colder in that area, edema, tenderness, pain and inability to move the affected part
69
Q

Tx for Fractures…

A
  • Make sure the person is safe
  • Cast, brace and support device
  • Depends on the location, severity, type and cause
  • Medication for pain
70
Q

Patient education for Fracture…

A
  • Make sure they know how to take a support device off and on
71
Q

Strains is…

A
  • Injury tendon or muscle, can be because of over used, over stretching or excessive force
72
Q

Sprains is…

A
  • Acute tear of a ligament
73
Q

Strain and Sprains can be…

A
  • Acute or chronic
74
Q

Symptoms of Strains and Sprains…

A
  • Localized pain, weakness, numbness and possibly edema around the area, tingly and temperature changes
75
Q

Tx for Strains and Sprains…

A
  • Depend on the severity and type of injury
  • Medication for pain
  • Ice or heat, elevate and rest the area
  • Ant-inflammatory or analgesics
76
Q

Patient education for Strains and Sprains…

A
  • Make sure they know how long to leave the ice or heat on for, like ice for 24 hrs (every 15-20 mins every hour if available) then heat as tolerate
  • Make sure its not too cold or hot
  • Time so be patient
77
Q

Dislocations is…

A
  • A force able displacement of a bone from its joint

- Need immediate attention

78
Q

Symptoms of Dislocations…

A
  • Extreme painful, red and bruises
  • Can have loss of function
  • If cannot use, it can become immovable
79
Q

Cause of Dislocations…

A
  • Usually a severe injury that exerts force great enough to tear the joint ligaments
80
Q

Tx of Dislocations…

A
  • Put it back in place; immediate relieve pain when it go back in
  • Medication for pain
81
Q

Plantar Fasciitis is…

A
  • Heel spur syndrome

- Inflammatory condition of the bottom of the heel bone called Calcaneus

82
Q

Who is Plantar Fasciitis more common in?

A
  • Very common in those that are trainer runner, very active in sports, recent surgery and boots
83
Q

Plantar Fasciitis can be…

A
  • Very chronic
  • Can have episode of flare up
  • Easy to treat
84
Q

Symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis…

A
  • Begin as a dull, intermittent pain on the bottom of the foot, which can progress to a sharp persistent pain
  • Heel pain
85
Q

How does Plantar Fasciitis occur?

A
  • Usually when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension
86
Q

Tx for Plantar Fasciitis…

A
  • Wear the correct shoe, lifter in shoe, elevate foot and pain medication and apply ice
  • PT: strengthen the muscle area
87
Q

Ganglion is…

A
  • A sac fluid fill cyst full, color less fluid to it
  • Can be semi-solid fluid
  • Usually you can see it
  • Underlying cause is unknown
  • Can reoccur
88
Q

How common is Ganglion and where?

A
  • Very common
  • Benign
  • On the back of the wrist
89
Q

Symptoms of Ganglion…

A
  • A single smooth lump, just under the surface of the skin
  • May be soft to the touch or firm
  • Usually painless or only somewhat bothersome
90
Q

What will the physician try to do, if you have Ganglion?

A
  • They will to see if there is any loss of function and if it can be remove
91
Q

Torn Meniscus is…

A
  • A crack or fissure that result of wear and tear

- Need immediate attention

92
Q

Symptoms of Torn Meniscus…

A
  • Acute pain: when putting full weight on the affected leg
  • Full flexion of the affected knee may be difficult
  • Pain with full extension
  • Extreme pain, decrease or loss in function, loss of sleep
93
Q

Where is Torn Meniscus more common and cause?

A
  • Very common on the knee

- Related to sport injuries

94
Q

Tx for Torn Meniscus…

A
  • PT, Surgery, Ant-inflammatory, rehab, medication for pain. immobilized immediately and elevated with ice applied
95
Q

How many tendons are in the Rotator Cuff Tears?

A
  • 4 tendons to the Rotator Cuff

- Its in the shoulder

96
Q

What happen if there is a tear in the Rotator Cuff tendons?

A
  • Tear in any, will limit your shoulder function

- Can happen over time and injury

97
Q

Symptoms of Rotator Cuff…

A
  • Acute pain
  • Tears can result from acute trauma or from degenerative changes with age
  • Snapping sound
98
Q

What will the physician look at…

A
  • Hx, symptoms, physical exam, MRI and range of motion(ROM)

- How, where, how is the patient treating it?

99
Q

Treatment for Rotator Cuff Tears…

A
  • PT, surgery, massage, medication for pain, ice and hot

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