Chapter 7 Middle and Late Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is the average growth and weight gain per year during middle and late childhood?
A
2-3 inches and 5-7 lbs. per year
2
Q
Is the process of bone formation
A
ossification of bones
3
Q
Body Growth and Change:
Muscle mass and strength gradually
increase; _____ _____ decreases
A
baby fat
4
Q
The Brain:
Brain ______ stabilizes
A
volume
5
Q
The Brain:
Significant changes in __________ _______
– Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive
control
A
prefrontal cortex
6
Q
The Brain:
Increases in _________ ___________
A
cortical thickness
7
Q
Motor Development
These motor skills become smoother and
more coordinated
A
Gross motor skills
8
Q
Boys usually outperform girls on _____ motor skills
A
gross
9
Q
Girls usually outperform boys on _____ motor skills
A
fine
10
Q
The improvement of fine motor skills during
middle and late childhood is due to Increased ____________ of the CNS
A
myelination
11
Q
is linked with low activity and obesity in children
A
Television watching
12
Q
What are the three leading causes of death during middle and late childhood (10-14 years)?
A
Pneumonia
Accidental drowning and submersion
Other diseases of the nervous system
13
Q
Middle and late childhood is usually a time of _________ health
A
excellent
14
Q
They are more likely to be overweight.
A
Girls
15
Q
Being overweight as a child is a risk factor
for being _______ as an adult
A
obese
16
Q
_________ in diet and ______ _______ _______
may be one reason for increasing obesity
rates
A
Changes; total caloric intake
17
Q
Overweight Children:
* Raises risks for many _______ and __________ problems
– Pulmonary problems, diabetes, high
blood pressure
– Low self-esteem, depression, exclusion
from peer groups
A
medical and
psychological
18
Q
Definition of learning disability includes
three components:
– ____________ IQ level
A
Minimum
19
Q
Definition of learning disability includes
three components:
–Significant difficulty in a _____________
area
A
school-related
20
Q
Definition of learning disability includes
three components:
– Exclusion of severe _______ disorders,
second-language background, sensory
disabilities, and/or specific _________
deficits
A
emotional; neurological
21
Q
In learning disabilities, boys are identified _______ times more frequently than girls
A
three
22
Q
Learning Disability:
reading
A
Dyslexia
23
Q
Learning Disability:
handwriting
A
Dysgraphia
24
Q
Learning Disability:
math computation
A
Dyscalculia
25
Learning Disabilities:
* Possible Causes:
– ________ (many tend to run in families)
– ___________ __________ (home reading habits)
– Problems in integrating information from multiple ______ _________
– Difficulties in brain _________ and ________
Genetics
Environmental influences
brain regions
structures and functions
26
Learning Disabilities:
* Intervention:
– Improving ________ _________ through intensive instruction
– Educational intervention
– can use other materials (audio)
reading ability
27
ADHD is characterized by:
difficulty focusing on one thing
Inattention
28
ADHD is characterized by:
constantly in motion
Hyperactivity
29
ADHD
* Possible Causes:
– __________
– ______ ______ for cerebral cortex thickening
– Brain damage during ________ or __________ development
– _________ and _______ _________ during
prenatal development
Genetics
Later peak
prenatal or postnatal
Cigarette and alcohol exposure
29
ADHD is characterized by:
not good with thinking before they act
Impulsivity
30
* ADHD Treatment:
– Stimulant medication (_______ or __________) is helpful
– Combination of _________ and _________ ______________ seems to work best
– _________ may reduce ADHD symptoms
Ritalin or Adderall
medication and behavior management
Exercise
31
ADHD: Critics argue that physicians are too _____ to prescribe medications
quick
32
These are characterized by problems in:
in:
1. social interactions
2. impairment in communication
3. restricted behavior, interests, and activities; repetitive behaviors
Autism Spectrum Disorders
33
In young children, ASD can be characterized by failure to engage in skills such as ____ _________
joint attention
34
Autism Spectrum Disorders
* Possible Causes:
– Brain dysfunction characterized by
abnormalities in _____ __________ and _________________
– Amygdala
– _______– exact genes responsible are
unknown
-– Research focus now: Genes responsible for Oxytocin
– Boys are identified _____ times more likely to
have ASD than girls
brain structure and neurotransmitters
Genetics
five
35
What is the research focus now in ASD?
Genes responsible for Oxytocin
36
* ASD Treatment:
– Children with ASD benefit from a well-structured classroom, individualized
teaching, and small group instruction
– _________ ___________ techniques
Behavior modification
37
– Ages 7 to 11
– Children can perform concrete
operations and reason logically
– Reasoning can only be applied to
specific, concrete examples
What stage of development?
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
38
the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension
example:
– Place 8 sticks in order according to
height
– Find your height during flag ceremony at
school
Seriation
39
the ability to logically
combine relations to understand certain
conclusions
example:
– ABC sticks of differing lengths
– Reverse actions
– 1+5=6, 5+1=6, 3+3=6
Transitivity
40
_____ _____ _________ increases with
age during middle and late childhood
long-term memory
41
Experts have acquired extensive knowledge
about a particular content area
– Influences how they _________, __________, and ___________ information
organize, represent, and interpret
42
Experts have acquired extensive knowledge
about a particular content area
– Affects ability to _______, ______, and _____ problems
remember, reason, and solve
43
Experts have acquired extensive knowledge
about a particular content area
– Older children usually have _____ __________ about a subject than younger children do
more expertise
44
What are the two important strategies on memory?
creating mental images
and elaborating on information
45
* engaging in more extensive processing of
information
* Relating the concept to personal experiences
Elaboration
46
In this theory, there are two types of memory
representations: verbatim and gist.
Fuzzy Trace Theory
47
Fuzzy Trace Theory
precise details of information
Verbatim memory trace
48
central idea of information
Gist
49
Older children begin to use ____ more; contributes to fuzzy traces
gist
50
______ traces are more enduring than _______ traces
Fuzzy; verbatim
51
thinking reflectively and
productively, and evaluating evidence
Critical Thinking
52
the ability to think in novel
and unusual ways, and to come up with
unique solutions to problems
Creative Thinking
53
produces one correct
answer
Convergent thinking
54
produces many different
answers to the same question
Divergent thinking
55
Children tend to:
* Ask fundamental questions about reality
* Place a great deal of emphasis on causal
mechanisms
* Be more influenced by chance events than by
overall patterns
* Maintain old theories regardless of evidence
What thinking is this?
Scientific Thinking
56
problem-solving skills and the
ability to learn from and adapt to life’s
everyday experiences
Intelligence
57
stable, consistent
ways in which people are different from
each other
Individual Differences
58
According to him, intelligence comes in three forms.
Sternberg
59
In this theory, intelligence comes in three forms.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
60
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:
intelligence comes in three forms. What are these?
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
Practical Intelligence
61
ability to analyze,
judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast
Analytical Intelligence
61
ability to create,
design, invent, originate, and imagine
Creative Intelligence
62
ability to use, apply,
implement, and put ideas into practice
Practical Intelligence
62
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to think in words and use language to express meaning
verbal
63
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to carry out mathematical operations
mathematical
64
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to think three-dimensionally
spatial
64
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to manipulate objects and be
physically adept
Bodily-Kinesthetic
65
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone
Musical
66
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to understand and interact effectively with others
Interpersonal
67
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to understand oneself
Intrapersonal
68
Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind:
ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems
Naturalist
69
* The Self
– Understanding Others
* Children show an increase in ____________ _________ – the ability to assume other
people’s perspectives and understand their
thoughts and feelings
* Children become increasingly _______ of
others’ claims
perspective taking
skeptical
69
The Self
* The Development of Self Understanding
– During middle and late childhood:
* Defining one’s “self” shifts to using
______ ________ or _______ _____.
* Children recognize ______ aspects of
the self
* _____ _________ increases
internal characteristics or personality
traits
social
Social comparison
70
global evaluations of the self
– I am a good person
Self-esteem
71
domain-specific evaluations of the self
– academic, athletic, appearance
Self-concept
72
Children with high self-esteem
* Do not necessarily perform ______ in school
* Have greater _________ (can be positive or
negative)
better
initiative
73
* The Self
– Four Ways to Improve Self-esteem
* Identify _______ of low self-esteem
* Provide _______ ______ and ______ _________
* Help child ________
* Help child _____
causes
emotional support and social approval
achieve
cope
74
belief that one can master a situation
and produce favorable outcomes
Self-Efficacy
75
– Increased capacity for self-regulation
* Deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior,
emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased
______ ____________ and ______________
social competence and achievement
76
children become interested in how
things work
Industry
77
parents who see their children’s
efforts as mischief may encourage this
inferiority
78
Emotional Development
– Coping with Stress:
* Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful situations
– _________or changing their perception
* Coping with stressful events:
– By ___ ______ of age, most children are able to use cognitive strategies to cope with stress
Reframing
10 years
78
Emotional Development
– Developmental Changes Include:
* Improved emotional ___________
* Increased understanding that _____ ____ ____ emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
* Increased __________ of the events leading to emotional reactions
* Ability to ______ or _______ negative emotional reactions
* Use of ___ ________ strategies for redirecting feelings
* A capacity for genuine ________
understanding
more than one
awareness
suppress or conceal
self-initiated
empathy
79
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Comprises Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality and Stage 2: Individualism, Purpose, and Exchange
No internalization
Level 1: Pre conventional Level
80
* Based on Piaget’s cognitive stages
* Proposed 3 levels and 6 universal stages of moral development
* Developed stages based on interviews using
moral dilemmas
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory
81
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Comprises Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal, Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity and Stage 4: Social System Morality
Intermediate Internalization
Level 2: Conventional Level
82
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Comprises Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights and Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Full Internalization
Level 3: Postconventional Level
83
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Children obey because adults tell them to obey. People base their moral decisions on fear of punishment.
Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality
84
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. What is right involves equal exchange.
Stage 2: Individualism, Purpose, and Exchange
85
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis for moral judgements.
Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal, Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
86
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Moral judgements are based on understanding of the social order, law, justice, and duty.
Stage 4: Social System Morality
87
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.
Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
88
Kohlberg's Moral Development
The person has developed moral judgments that are based on universal human rights. When faced with a dilemma between law and conscience, a personal, individualized conscience is followed.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
89
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
1. ___________
2. _____exchange
* If Elsa is good to you, you’ll be good too
3. You want to be seen as _____ person
4. Based on ______; doesn’t matter what’s the ________
* stealing is against the law and you shouldn’t do it
5. _______ ________, examining the law
* emphasize basic rights and the democratic processes that give everyone a say;
6. Your _____ ______ of what is wrong or right and you’re following that
* at stage 6 they define the principles by which agreement will be most just
Punishment
Equal
loyal
laws; reason
Reason behind
own idea
90
Families
* Developmental Changes in Parent-Child
Relationships
– Parents spend ____ _____ with children during
middle and late childhood
– Parents _____ and ________ children’s
academic achievement
– Parents use less ______ _____ of
punishment as children age
less time
support and stimulate
physical forms
91
– Parents manage children’s opportunities, monitor behavior, and initiate social contact
– Important to maintain a structured and
organized family environment
Parents as Managers
92
– Remarriages involving children has grown
steadily in recent years
* Half of all children from a divorced family will have a __________ within 4 years
step-parent
93
More than 75% of adolescents in established
stepfamilies describe their relationships with
stepparents as “_____” or “____ _____”
close; very close
94
Relationships usually better with __________ parents than with stepparents
custodial
95
Peers
* Developmental Changes:
- ________ becomes increasingly important in peer interchanges during elementary school
- Size of peer group ________
- Peer interaction is less closely ________ by adults
- Children’s preference for _______ peer groups increases
Reciprocity increases
supervised
same-sex
96
Typically characterized by similarity
Friends
97
What are the 6 functions Friends served?
* Companionship
* Stimulation
* Physical support
* Ego support
* Social comparison
* Affection and intimacy
98
Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb
someone less powerful
Bullying
99
70-80% of victims and bullies are in the _____
classroom
same
100
Bullying:
____ and younger _______ _______ students are
most likely to be affected
Boys; middle school
101
Outcomes of bullying
* Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide
* More health problems
102
Identify which gender is more affected by the given form of bullying:
Belittled about race or religion
Males
103
Identify which gender is more affected by the given form of bullying:
Belittled about looks or speech
females
104
Identify which gender is more affected by the given form of bullying:
hit, slapped, or pushed
Males
105
Identify which gender is more affected by the given form of bullying:
Subject of rumors
females
106
Identify which gender is more affected by the given form of bullying:
Subject of sexual comments or gestures
females
