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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Changes:

What is the average growth and pounds per year during early childhood?

A

2.5 inches
5-7 pounds

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2
Q

Two most important contributors to
height differences

A

ethnic origin and
nutrition

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3
Q

the absence of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the
body to grow

A

Growth Hormone Deficiency

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4
Q

The Brain:

  • Brain growth _____ during early childhood
  • Brain reaches 95% of adult volume by __ years
A

slows; 6

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5
Q

The Brain: Changes in child’s brain structure

 Increased _____________
 Rapid _________ in the frontal lobes
 Happened during ____ years

A

myelination
growth
3-6

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6
Q

Perceptual Development

 Simple movements at age 3 – hopping, jumping, running
 More adventurous at age 4 – more adventurous
 Hair-raising risks at age 5

Under what motor skills are these?

A

Gross motor skills

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7
Q

Perceptual Development

 Still clumsy at 3 years
 Improved fine motor coordination at 4 years
 Body coordination by 5 years

Under what motor skills are these?

A

Fine motor skills

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8
Q

Perceptual Development

 Efficient in identifying _____ at 3-4 years
 Efficient in moving across series of _______ at 4 or 5 years

A

colors
letters

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9
Q

Perceptual Development

The following are signs of vision problems in children, which is not?

 Rubbing the eyes
 Blinking or squinting excessively
 Appearing irritable when playing games that require good distance
vision
 Shutting or covering both eyes
 Tilting the head of thrusting it forward when looking

A

Shutting or covering both eyes

A sign of vision problem is shutting or covering only one eye

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10
Q

During early childhood, children should sleep ______ hours each night without interruption

A

11-13

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11
Q

During sleep, children can experience ________, _________, and __________.

A

narcolepsy, insomnia, and nightmares

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12
Q

Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Less hours of sleep and worse ________ ____________ profile

A

school readiness

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13
Q

Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Less hours of sleep and worse ______ ____________, social skills

A

peer acceptance

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14
Q

Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Increased ______ ____ and decrease in sleep time

A

screen time

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15
Q

Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Short sleep duration and ________ children

A

overweight

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16
Q

Nutrition and Exercise are strongly influenced by __________ behavior

A

caregivers’

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17
Q

In the PH, what is the percentage of 0-5 years old children being overweight?

A

5%

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18
Q

These are now the leading killers in the Philippines, comprising more than 50% of all deaths each year.

A

Noncommunicable diseases (NCD)

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19
Q

Evidence shows that overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop ____________ ________ (____) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age.

A

noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

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20
Q

In the Philippines, what is the biggest problem which results in chronic fatigue? This is also linked to malnutrition in young children from low-income families

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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21
Q

Disease from failure to eat quality meats and dark green vegetables

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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22
Q

In the Philippines, what are the three leading causes of child mortality in the Philippines (1-
4 years old)?

A

 Pneumonia
 Diarrhea and gastroenteritis
 Congenital anomalies

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23
Q

In the Philippines, what are the three leading causes of child mortality in the Philippines (5-
9 years old)?

A

 Pneumonia
 Dengue
 Accidental drowning

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24
Q

Piaget’s stage of development that occurs ages 2-7 years old

A

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

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25
Q

In this stage, the following occurs:

 Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
 Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.
 Cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.

A

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

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26
Q

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

In this substage, the following occurs:

 Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
 Egocentrism
 Animism

A

The Symbolic Function Substage

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27
Q

the inability to distinguish between own perspective and someone else’s

A

Egocentrism

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28
Q

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

A

Animism

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29
Q

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

In this substage, the following occurs:

 4 to 7 years of age
 Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions.
 Why questions
 Have difficulty understanding events that cannot be seen.
 Children are unaware of how they know what they know.

A

The Intuitive Thought Substage

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30
Q

centering attention on one characteristic
to the exclusion of all others

A

Centration

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31
Q

altering a substance’s appearance does
not change its basic properties

A

Conservation

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32
Q

In this theory, the following occurs:

 Children think and understand primarily through social interaction.
 Cognitive development depends on the tools provided by society.
 Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s Theory

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33
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory:

Children think and understand primarily through ________ __________.

A

social interaction

34
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory:

_________ development depends on the tools provided by society.

A

Cognitive

35
Q

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children..

A

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

36
Q

changing the level of support during a teaching
session

example: As the student’s competence increases, less guidance is given.

A

Scaffolding

37
Q

Children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen on their own initiative.

A

Initiative versus guilt

38
Q

If needs are dependently met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

39
Q

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

40
Q

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

41
Q

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

42
Q

Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

A

Identity vs. Confusion

43
Q

Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

44
Q

The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

A

generativity vs. stagnation

45
Q

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

A

Integrity vs. Despair

46
Q

Initiative versus guilt:
- Children at this stage exuberantly move out into a wider ______ world.
* Begin to discover the kind of person they will become
* Identify intensely with ________

A

social
parents

47
Q

The great governor of initiative

A

conscience

48
Q

Initiative and enthusiasm may also bring ____,
which lowers self-esteem

A

guilt

49
Q

Self-understanding and understanding others
– Increased _________ reflects young
children’s expanding psychological
sophistication

A

awareness

50
Q

representation of the self, substance and content of self-conceptions

A

Self-understanding

51
Q

distinguish oneself from others

A

Self-recognition

52
Q

are central component of the self in early childhood

A

Physical activities

53
Q

may involve body attributes, material possessions, physical activities

A

Self descriptions

54
Q

Children start perceiving others in terms of
___________ ______.

example: My playmate is nice

A

psychological traits

55
Q

What are the examples of self-conscious emotions?

A

Pride, shame, embarrassment,
and guilt

56
Q

What influence self-conscious emotions?

A

parents’ responses to children’s behavior

57
Q

Understanding emotions

Children’s understanding of emotion is linked to an increase in _________ behavior.
* Children begin to understand that the same event can elicit different __________in different people

A

prosocial
feelings

58
Q

Understanding emotions

By age 5 most children show a growing awareness of the need to ________ _________ according to social standards

A

manage emotions

59
Q

Plays a key role in children’s ability to
manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.

A

Regulating emotions

60
Q

monitors their children’s emotion, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions.
– less rejecting, praising, nurturant

A

Emotion Coaching Parents

61
Q

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.
– Ability to modulate emotions benefits children in their relationships with peers

A

Emotion Dismissing Parents

62
Q

involves thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

A

Moral development

63
Q

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development according to ?

A

Freud

64
Q

Why does the superego form?

A

Because children what to reduce anxiety

65
Q

moral element of personality

A

Superego

66
Q

Piaget’s Two distinct stages in how children
think about morality:

– 4 to 7 years of age; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
– Rightness of goodness based on
consequences not the intentions

A

Heteronomous morality

67
Q

Heteronomous moralist also believe in ?

A

immanent justice

68
Q

Concept that if a rule
is broken, punishment will be meted out
immediately

A

Immanent justice

69
Q

refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development – moral thought, feelings, behavior

A

Conscience

70
Q

– 10 years and older; children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences
– Rightness of goodness based on intentions

A

Autonomous morality

71
Q

Researchers have found that children are
aware of what’s right or wrong, can
show empathy, experience ______

A

guilt

72
Q

Parenting strategy: Proactively averting potential misbehavior before it takes place

For these children, caregivers use diversion, distracting attention, moving to alternative activities.

A

Younger children

73
Q

Parenting strategy: Proactively averting potential misbehavior before it takes place

For these children, caregivers talk to them about values that the parents deem important

A

Older children

74
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

encourages children to
be independent but places limits and control

A

Authoritative parenting

75
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

is restrictive

A

Authoritarian parenting

76
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

is uninvolved

A

Neglectful/Uninvolved parenting

77
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

highly involved but few demands

A

Indulgent/Permissive parenting

78
Q

is linked to lower levels of moral internalization and mental health

A

Corporal punishment

79
Q

Caregivers or parents must handle misbehavior by ________ with the child, especially ________ the consequences of the child’s actions for others

A

reasoning; explaining

80
Q

What are the types of child maltreatment?

A

– Physical abuse
–Child neglect
– Sexual abuse
–Emotional abuse

81
Q

About 1/3 of parents who were abused
themselves when they were young go on to
______ their own children

A

abuse

82
Q

Adolescents who experienced abuse or neglect
as children are more likely to engage in _______ __________ and __________ _______

A

violent behavior and substance abuse

Developmental Psychology (2 decks)

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