Chapter 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development Flashcards by Mari Ysabel R. Badiola

Physical Changes:

What is the average growth and pounds per year during early childhood?

2.5 inches
5-7 pounds

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Two most important contributors to
height differences

ethnic origin and
nutrition

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the absence of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the
body to grow

Growth Hormone Deficiency

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The Brain:

Brain growth _____ during early childhood
Brain reaches 95% of adult volume by __ years

slows; 6

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The Brain: Changes in child’s brain structure

 Increased _____________
 Rapid _________ in the frontal lobes
 Happened during ____ years

myelination
growth
3-6

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Perceptual Development

 Simple movements at age 3 – hopping, jumping, running
 More adventurous at age 4 – more adventurous
 Hair-raising risks at age 5

Under what motor skills are these?

Gross motor skills

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Perceptual Development

 Still clumsy at 3 years
 Improved fine motor coordination at 4 years
 Body coordination by 5 years

Under what motor skills are these?

Fine motor skills

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Perceptual Development

 Efficient in identifying _____ at 3-4 years
 Efficient in moving across series of _______ at 4 or 5 years

colors
letters

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Perceptual Development

The following are signs of vision problems in children, which is not?

 Rubbing the eyes
 Blinking or squinting excessively
 Appearing irritable when playing games that require good distance
vision
 Shutting or covering both eyes
 Tilting the head of thrusting it forward when looking

Shutting or covering both eyes

A sign of vision problem is shutting or covering only one eye

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During early childhood, children should sleep ______ hours each night without interruption

11-13

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During sleep, children can experience ________, _________, and __________.

narcolepsy, insomnia, and nightmares

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Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Less hours of sleep and worse ________ ____________ profile

school readiness

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Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Less hours of sleep and worse ______ ____________, social skills

peer acceptance

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Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Increased ______ ____ and decrease in sleep time

screen time

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Research studies linking sleep problems and negative developmental problems.
 Short sleep duration and ________ children

overweight

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Nutrition and Exercise are strongly influenced by __________ behavior

caregivers’

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In the PH, what is the percentage of 0-5 years old children being overweight?

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These are now the leading killers in the Philippines, comprising more than 50% of all deaths each year.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCD)

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Evidence shows that overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop ____________ ________ (____) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age.

noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

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In the Philippines, what is the biggest problem which results in chronic fatigue? This is also linked to malnutrition in young children from low-income families

Iron deficiency anemia

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Disease from failure to eat quality meats and dark green vegetables

Iron deficiency anemia

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In the Philippines, what are the three leading causes of child mortality in the Philippines (1-
4 years old)?

 Pneumonia
 Diarrhea and gastroenteritis
 Congenital anomalies

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In the Philippines, what are the three leading causes of child mortality in the Philippines (5-
9 years old)?

 Pneumonia
 Dengue
 Accidental drowning

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Piaget’s stage of development that occurs ages 2-7 years old

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

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In this stage, the following occurs:  Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings.  Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.  Cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage In this substage, the following occurs:  Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present  Egocentrism  Animism

The Symbolic Function Substage

the inability to distinguish between own perspective and someone else’s

Egocentrism

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Animism

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage In this substage, the following occurs:  4 to 7 years of age  Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions.  Why questions  Have difficulty understanding events that cannot be seen.  Children are unaware of how they know what they know.

The Intuitive Thought Substage

centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Centration

altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Conservation

In this theory, the following occurs:  Children think and understand primarily through social interaction.  Cognitive development depends on the tools provided by society.  Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky’s Theory

Vygotsky’s Theory: Children think and understand primarily through ________ __________.

social interaction

Vygotsky’s Theory: _________ development depends on the tools provided by society.

Cognitive

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children..

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

changing the level of support during a teaching session example: As the student’s competence increases, less guidance is given.

Scaffolding

Children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen on their own initiative.

Initiative versus guilt

If needs are dependently met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

Identity vs. Confusion

Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity vs. stagnation

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Integrity vs. Despair

Initiative versus guilt: - Children at this stage exuberantly move out into a wider ______ world. * Begin to discover the kind of person they will become * Identify intensely with ________

social parents

The great governor of initiative

conscience

Initiative and enthusiasm may also bring ____, which lowers self-esteem

guilt

Self-understanding and understanding others – Increased _________ reflects young children’s expanding psychological sophistication

awareness

representation of the self, substance and content of self-conceptions

Self-understanding

distinguish oneself from others

Self-recognition

are central component of the self in early childhood

Physical activities

may involve body attributes, material possessions, physical activities

Self descriptions

Children start perceiving others in terms of ___________ ______. example: My playmate is nice

psychological traits

What are the examples of self-conscious emotions?

Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

What influence self-conscious emotions?

parents’ responses to children’s behavior

Understanding emotions Children’s understanding of emotion is linked to an increase in _________ behavior. * Children begin to understand that the same event can elicit different __________in different people

prosocial feelings

Understanding emotions By age 5 most children show a growing awareness of the need to ________ _________ according to social standards

manage emotions

Plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.

Regulating emotions

monitors their children’s emotion, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. – less rejecting, praising, nurturant

Emotion Coaching Parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions. – Ability to modulate emotions benefits children in their relationships with peers

Emotion Dismissing Parents

involves thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Moral development

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development according to ?

Freud

Why does the superego form?

Because children what to reduce anxiety

moral element of personality

Superego

Piaget’s Two distinct stages in how children think about morality: – 4 to 7 years of age; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people – Rightness of goodness based on consequences not the intentions

Heteronomous morality

Heteronomous moralist also believe in ?

immanent justice

Concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

Immanent justice

refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development – moral thought, feelings, behavior

Conscience

– 10 years and older; children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences – Rightness of goodness based on intentions

Autonomous morality

Researchers have found that children are aware of what’s right or wrong, can show empathy, experience ______

guilt

Parenting strategy: Proactively averting potential misbehavior before it takes place For these children, caregivers use diversion, distracting attention, moving to alternative activities.

Younger children

Parenting strategy: Proactively averting potential misbehavior before it takes place For these children, caregivers talk to them about values that the parents deem important

Older children

Baumrind’s parenting styles encourages children to be independent but places limits and control

Authoritative parenting

Baumrind’s parenting styles is restrictive

Authoritarian parenting

Baumrind’s parenting styles is uninvolved

Neglectful/Uninvolved parenting

Baumrind’s parenting styles highly involved but few demands

Indulgent/Permissive parenting

is linked to lower levels of moral internalization and mental health

Corporal punishment

Caregivers or parents must handle misbehavior by ________ with the child, especially ________ the consequences of the child’s actions for others

reasoning; explaining

What are the types of child maltreatment?

– Physical abuse –Child neglect – Sexual abuse –Emotional abuse

About 1/3 of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to ______ their own children

abuse

Adolescents who experienced abuse or neglect as children are more likely to engage in _______ __________ and __________ _______

violent behavior and substance abuse