CHAPTER 7 | MEMORY

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

basic retention of information over time

Question 2

what does memory involve?

Answer 2

involves:
1) encoding (getting information into the brain)

2) storage (retaining information)
3) retrieval (getting it back out)

Question 3

what was James mcgaugh famous quote?

Answer 3

“if you lose the ability to recall your old memories then you have no life. You might as well be a rutabaga or a cabbage”

Question 4

what happened to Henry molaison?

Answer 4

they removed his hippocampus to cure his seizure which it did cure it but it created deficits in terms of creating new memories. he lived his life in an enduring present.

Question 5

define working 
(short term) memory and the capacity

Answer 5

memory you use for information you are actively working on. Temporary storage of information

-capacity is 5 to 9 buts

Question 6

which people don’t have working short memory?

Answer 6

young children

Question 7

define primacy effect

• give example

Answer 7

primacy effect is the ability to retain the fist items of a big chunk of information.

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
primacy effect is remembering the first numbers on the list

Question 8

define recency effect

• give example

Answer 8

the ability to retain the last items of a big chunk of information

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
recency effect is remembering the last numbers on the list

Question 9

define serial position effect

• give example

Answer 9

difficulty remembering the middle numbers of a big chunk of information

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
serial position effect is having a hard time remembering the middle numbers with is normal

Question 10

define chunking and when is it used

• give example

Answer 10

usually when we have a huge chunk of data we have to memorize, we automatically organize items into familiar and manageable units.

Question 11

define maintenance rehearsal and give an example

Answer 11

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory.

ex: studying for an exam, you repeat the information like flashcards repeatedly to retain them for short time memory to pass the test

Question 12

name the 3 types of levels of processing and which one is the most shallow, less shallow and deepest

Answer 12

1) visual
2) phonological (sound-related)
3) semantic (meaning related)

• most shallow is visual
• less shallow is phonological
• the deepest is semantic

Question 13

define shallow, medium and deep processing

Answer 13

shallow= surface level
medium= words rhyming
deep=meaningful processing more recollection happens in this processing

Question 14

define long term memory

Answer 14

enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, skills and experiences

Question 15

define explicit memory and the 2 types

Answer 15

explicit memory: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

1) episodic memory: recollection of events in our lives
2) semantic memory: Our knowledge of facts around the world

Question 16

define implicit memory and the 2 types with examples

which part of brain?

Answer 16

implicit memory: the process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately

1) procedural memory: referring to motor skills and habits
- Example: opening a door with a key

2) priming memory: refers to our ability to identify stimulus more easily or more quickly when we’ve previously encountered a similar stimuli

brain:
procedural leaning =cerebellum
perceptual learning and priming = amygdala

Question 17

what are other subtypes of implicit memory?

Answer 17

3) perceptual memory

4) classical conditioning

Question 18

define encoding specificity and give an example

Answer 18

when you store an item in memory, the memory is not just of the item stored but also the context in which the memory occurred.

-Example: memorize the words “ jelly jam fruit”. when asked to identify the words they saw in the list “ traffic jam slow” they will won’t be able to identify it because they identify jam with jelly or fruit thinking about ( food) and not traffic.

Question 19

define schema and provide an example

Answer 19

an organized knowledge structures that we’ve stored in memory. they capture the broad pattern of what is typical in a situation. it helps because the connection promotes retrieval. They help interpret new situations

ex: if you and a friend go to a brand new restaurant, even though its your first visit, you have a pretty good idea of what’s in store. thats because you possess a schema for eating at a nice restaurant.

Question 20

if we are not careful what can schemas result in?

Answer 20

oversimplification/over generalizing of events

• can produce intrusion errors where other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event*
  ex: if you are asked to memorize a list of words then later presented a new list of words to remember. when asked to say the words on the second list, you will make a mistake and include some words from the first list

Question 21

define mnemonics and give an example

Answer 21

a learning aid, strategy or device that enhances recollection

example: abbreviation of a concept to remember it like SOH CAH TOA

Question 22

define peg-word systems

Answer 22

using rhyming. associate each number with a word that rhymes with each number. the more bizarre the rhyming is, the better chance you’ll remember it

ex: 1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe, 3 is a tree, 4 is a door

Question 23

define method of loci and give an example

Answer 23

relies of imagery of places, locations.

-example: visualize a familiar room in detail then imagine the items need to be remembered in various parts of the room. ex: to remember 10 items on the grocery list, visualize walking in your kitchen and associating these items with something in hopes to remember them

Question 24

what is a con of mnemonics?

Answer 24

they can help you remember items but not the meaning/definition

Question 25

what law did ebbinghaus state?

Answer 25

we tend to remember things better in the long run when spread our learning over long intervals than when we pack it into short intervals

Question 26

which principle is one of the best-replicated effects in all of psychology?

Answer 26

law of distributed versus massed practice

Question 27

what does cramming cause?

Answer 27

it odes help us remember the information for that exam but it typically produces poor long-term retention

Question 28

which study method Is better for long term retention?

Answer 28

spaced studying and repeated self-testing

Question 29

define source confusion

Answer 29

people offer remember a face but forget the circumstances in which they saw it

Question 30

define misinformation effect

Answer 30

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of how an event unfolded.

Question 31

“memory is like a storage chest in the brain” true or false

Answer 31

FALSE

Question 32

“the more confident one’s memory is, the more likely it is to be accurate” true or false

Answer 32

FALSE

Question 33

what are the 4 factors that make memories easier to plant?

Answer 33

1) plausible
2) repeated over time
3) imagined by the subject
4) given to suggestible people