CHAPTER 7 | MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

basic retention of information over time

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2
Q

what does memory involve?

A

involves:
1) encoding (getting information into the brain)

2) storage (retaining information)
3) retrieval (getting it back out)

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3
Q

what was James mcgaugh famous quote?

A

“if you lose the ability to recall your old memories then you have no life. You might as well be a rutabaga or a cabbage”

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4
Q

what happened to Henry molaison?

A

they removed his hippocampus to cure his seizure which it did cure it but it created deficits in terms of creating new memories. he lived his life in an enduring present.

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5
Q
define working 
(short term) memory and the capacity
A

memory you use for information you are actively working on. Temporary storage of information

-capacity is 5 to 9 buts

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6
Q

which people don’t have working short memory?

A

young children

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7
Q

define primacy effect

  • give example
A

primacy effect is the ability to retain the fist items of a big chunk of information.

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
primacy effect is remembering the first numbers on the list

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8
Q

define recency effect

  • give example
A

the ability to retain the last items of a big chunk of information

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
recency effect is remembering the last numbers on the list

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9
Q

define serial position effect

  • give example
A

difficulty remembering the middle numbers of a big chunk of information

ex: remember 1,3,4,5,6,8
serial position effect is having a hard time remembering the middle numbers with is normal

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10
Q

define chunking and when is it used

  • give example
A

usually when we have a huge chunk of data we have to memorize, we automatically organize items into familiar and manageable units.

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11
Q

define maintenance rehearsal and give an example

A

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory.

ex: studying for an exam, you repeat the information like flashcards repeatedly to retain them for short time memory to pass the test

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12
Q

name the 3 types of levels of processing and which one is the most shallow, less shallow and deepest

A

1) visual
2) phonological (sound-related)
3) semantic (meaning related)

  • most shallow is visual
  • less shallow is phonological
  • the deepest is semantic
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13
Q

define shallow, medium and deep processing

A

shallow= surface level
medium= words rhyming
deep=meaningful processing more recollection happens in this processing

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14
Q

define long term memory

A

enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, skills and experiences

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15
Q

define explicit memory and the 2 types

A

explicit memory: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

1) episodic memory: recollection of events in our lives
2) semantic memory: Our knowledge of facts around the world

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16
Q

define implicit memory and the 2 types with examples

which part of brain?

A

implicit memory: the process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately

1) procedural memory: referring to motor skills and habits
- Example: opening a door with a key

2) priming memory: refers to our ability to identify stimulus more easily or more quickly when we’ve previously encountered a similar stimuli

brain:
procedural leaning =cerebellum
perceptual learning and priming = amygdala

17
Q

what are other subtypes of implicit memory?

A

3) perceptual memory

4) classical conditioning

18
Q

define encoding specificity and give an example

A

when you store an item in memory, the memory is not just of the item stored but also the context in which the memory occurred.

-Example: memorize the words “ jelly jam fruit”. when asked to identify the words they saw in the list “ traffic jam slow” they will won’t be able to identify it because they identify jam with jelly or fruit thinking about ( food) and not traffic.

19
Q

define schema and provide an example

A

an organized knowledge structures that we’ve stored in memory. they capture the broad pattern of what is typical in a situation. it helps because the connection promotes retrieval. They help interpret new situations

ex: if you and a friend go to a brand new restaurant, even though its your first visit, you have a pretty good idea of what’s in store. thats because you possess a schema for eating at a nice restaurant.

20
Q

if we are not careful what can schemas result in?

A

oversimplification/over generalizing of events

  • can produce intrusion errors where other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event*
    ex: if you are asked to memorize a list of words then later presented a new list of words to remember. when asked to say the words on the second list, you will make a mistake and include some words from the first list
21
Q

define mnemonics and give an example

A

a learning aid, strategy or device that enhances recollection

example: abbreviation of a concept to remember it like SOH CAH TOA

22
Q

define peg-word systems

A

using rhyming. associate each number with a word that rhymes with each number. the more bizarre the rhyming is, the better chance you’ll remember it

ex: 1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe, 3 is a tree, 4 is a door

23
Q

define method of loci and give an example

A

relies of imagery of places, locations.

-example: visualize a familiar room in detail then imagine the items need to be remembered in various parts of the room. ex: to remember 10 items on the grocery list, visualize walking in your kitchen and associating these items with something in hopes to remember them

24
Q

what is a con of mnemonics?

A

they can help you remember items but not the meaning/definition

25
Q

what law did ebbinghaus state?

A

we tend to remember things better in the long run when spread our learning over long intervals than when we pack it into short intervals

26
Q

which principle is one of the best-replicated effects in all of psychology?

A

law of distributed versus massed practice

27
Q

what does cramming cause?

A

it odes help us remember the information for that exam but it typically produces poor long-term retention

28
Q

which study method Is better for long term retention?

A

spaced studying and repeated self-testing

29
Q

define source confusion

A

people offer remember a face but forget the circumstances in which they saw it

30
Q

define misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of how an event unfolded.

31
Q

“memory is like a storage chest in the brain” true or false

A

FALSE

32
Q

“the more confident one’s memory is, the more likely it is to be accurate” true or false

A

FALSE

33
Q

what are the 4 factors that make memories easier to plant?

A

1) plausible
2) repeated over time
3) imagined by the subject
4) given to suggestible people