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AP Biology > Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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0
Q

integral proteins

A

transmembrane proteins that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer

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1
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

large part of fluid mosaic model

hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions hold membrane together

most lipids and some proteins can drift randomly in the bilayer (some are attached to the cytoskeleton)

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2
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely bonded to the surface of the membrane and some are attached to the extra cellular matrix

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3
Q

oligosaccharides

A

short sugar chains attached to the membrane

15 sugar units long

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4
Q

oligo

A

short (Greek)

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5
Q

glycolipid

A

sugar chains bonded directly to the membrane (phospholipid layer)

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6
Q

glycoprotein

A

sugar chain directly bonded to a protein

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7
Q

oligosaccharide usages

A

markers that distinguish one cell from another

vary from species to species and distinguish blood types using varying oligosaccharides

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8
Q

blood types

A

O, A, B, AB

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9
Q

6 functions of proteins in membrane

A

1) Transport
2) Enzymatic activity
3) Signal transduction
4) Cell-cell recognition
5) Intercellular joining
6) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix (ECM)

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10
Q

cholesterol in the membrane

A

steroid or lipid in the membrane that reduces membrane fluidity

reduce phospholipid movement by stabilizing the membrane

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11
Q

kinks in phospholipid tails

A

where double bonds (unsaturated bonds) are located

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12
Q

why do unsaturated bonds increase fluidity?

A

more porous, spaced farther apart (see diagram)

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13
Q

saturated bonds

A

single bonds that make membrane more viscous

heads close together, tails straight

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14
Q

passive transport

A

does NOT require adenosine triphosphate

moves with concentration gradient

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15
Q

diffusion

A

when any substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration without the use of energy

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16
Q

concentration gradient

A

when there is an area of high and low concentration

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17
Q

no equilibrium is when

A

diffusion is still occurring. when diffusion is done, there is no high/low concentration

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18
Q

equilibrium

A

when a substance is equally spaced throughout a container

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19
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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20
Q

isotonic environment

A

having the same amount of water and dissolved diluted as the cell

75% water 25% solutes in
75% water 25% solutes out

21
Q

hypertonic environment

A

having less water and more dissolved solutes as the cell

75% h2o 25% solutes in
        (more dilute)
     (lose water, cell shrinks---->)
70% water 30% solutes out
        (more stuff)
22
Q

hypotonic environment

A

having more water and less dissolved solutes as the cell

75% h2o 25% solutes in
     (less h2o)
    (gains water, cell swells ---->)
80% h2o 20% solutes out
     (more h2o)
23
Q

ocean water is

A

isotonic to most marine invertebrates

24
Q

extracellular fluid is

A

isotonic in land dwelling animals

25
Q

fresh water invertebrates live in a

A

hypotonic environment

26
Q

osmoregulation

A

the control of water balance using adaptations

27
Q

example of osmoregulation

A

paramecium (hypotonic (fresh water))

28
Q

example of osmoregulators in paramecium

A

contractile vacuole

pellicle

29
Q

pellicle

A

intricate cell membrane that slows water gain into the organism (less permeable than average cell membrane)

ex of osmoregulators in paramecium

30
Q

turgor pressure

A

in plant cell; (turgid environment)

when a plant cell is turgid, this is a healthy condition in the plant- it’s gained enough water where the cell membrane is pushed against the cell wall

31
Q

turgor pressure helps plants:

A

support; keeps them straight

32
Q

flaccid

A

low turgor pressure- limp

33
Q

plasmolysis

A

when cell is actively losing water

34
Q

herbaceous plants

A

soft plants (will wilt)

35
Q

woody plants

A

not enough water —-> dies

36
Q

lyse

A

(in animal cell) cell gains too much water that it breaks open

37
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

flows WITH concentration gradient

many polar molecules and ions are impeded by the lipid layer so they must be transported with the help of transport proteins. these transport proteins are specialized for the solute

38
Q

main molecule moved by facilitated diffusion

A

glucose

39
Q

main example of solute with specialized transport proteins

A

glucose

40
Q

gated channels

A

stimulus causes these to open or close (electrical or chemical)

41
Q

ex of gated channels

A

nerve cell (neurotransmitter used to open a gated channel that allows sodium into the cell)

42
Q

active transport

A

any cellular transport that requires cellular energy and moves AGAINST the concentration gradient

43
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

ATP transfers it’s terminal (last) phosphate directly to the transport protein. this changes the protein’s conformation and translocation the solute

44
Q

how sodium-potassium pump works

A

sodium is being pushed out of the cell against it’s concentration gradient (10% more sodium outside than inside the cell). potassium is being pushed inside the cell against it’s concentration gradient (10% more K inside than outside)

45
Q

Na to K ratio in sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na for every 2 K

46
Q

endocytosis

A

when materials are moving into the cell

47
Q

phagocytosis

A

form of endocytosis (type of AT)

when a cell engulfs food by wrapping pseudopods around it and forming a food vacuole (cell eating)

48
Q

pinocytosis

A

form of endocytosis (type of AT)

a pocket forms in the cell membrane trapping extracellular fluids and it’s contents. the vesicles pinches off and enters the cell (cell drinking)

49
Q

receptor - mediated endocytosis

A

form of endocytosis (type of AT)

receptor proteins in the cell membrane are clustered in regions of the membrane called coated pits. the cell is collecting a desired substance called a ligand. the ligands bind to these receptors and are pulled into the cell forming vesicles (called coated vesicles)

50
Q

exocytosis

A

cell removing materials

the vesicles fuses with the cell membrane and dumps it’s contents outside of the cell

51
Q

ex of exocytosis

A

pancreas secreting insulin

AP Biology (3 decks)

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