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AP Biology > Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

surface area:

A

cell membrane

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1
Q

limiting factor to cell size

A

surface area

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2
Q

volume:

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

cell membrane is selectively permeable- if the volume of the cell is to large:

A

the cell membrane cannot maintain the cytoplasm (cell will split into 2 smaller cells

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cork, named the cell (prison cells)

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5
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

all plants are made of cells

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6
Q

Theodore Schwann

A

all animals are made of cells

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7
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

cells come from preexisting cells

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8
Q

cell theory:

A

all living things are made of cells

new cells come from preexisting cells

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack a well defined nucleus and most membrane bound organelles

1-10 um

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10
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

well defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles

10-100 um

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11
Q

endosymbionic theory (definition)

A

describes how eukaryotes emerged from the prokaryotes

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12
Q

endosymbionic theory (process)

A

several prokaryotic cells engulfed each other and lived in a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship

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13
Q

symbiosis-mutualism

A

both benefit

termite and protist in intestine

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14
Q

symbiosis- commensalism

A

one benefit from another (one not affected)

sea anemone and clownfish

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15
Q

symbiosis- parasitism

A

one benefit, one harmed

tapeworm in humans

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16
Q

organelles

A

little organs

sub cellular structures that have a specific shape and function in the cells

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17
Q

nucleoplasm

A

all living material inside the nucleus

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

all living material from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

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19
Q

cytosol

A

semifluid medium in which the organelles are suspended

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

“cell membrane”

functions as a selective barrier that allows certain substances in and out of the cell

semi-permeable (selectively permeable)

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21
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell

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22
Q

other organelles that contain genes (besides nucleus)

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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23
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike membrane made of protein filaments on the inside of the nuclear envelope

helps nucleus maintain shape

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24
Q

nuclear pores

A

small holes in the nuclear envelope that allow substances to enter and leave the nucleus

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25
Q

chromatin

A

genetic material made of DNA and histone protein

granular form

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26
Q

chromosomes

A

made of chromatin

thread-like structures made of DNA and histone protein

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27
Q

number of average chromosomes in humans

A

46

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28
Q

somatic cells

A

regular body cells

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29
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

23 chromosomes

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30
Q

nucleolus

A

small round structure found inside the nucleus

components of the ribosomes are synthesized and assembled

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31
Q

ribosomes

A

organelles that produce (synthesize) proteins

most numerous organelle in the cell

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32
Q

free ribosomes

A

found floating in cytosol

used by cell itself

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33
Q

bound ribosomes

A

stretched to rough ER

these proteins are usually exported from the cell or used in the cell membrane

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34
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranous tubules

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35
Q

internal compartments of ER

A

cisternae (cisternal region)

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36
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and alcohol

(more smooth ER in liver cells of an alcoholic)

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37
Q

detoxification of alcohol

A

adding a hydroxyl group to drugs or alcohol making them more soluble and easier to flush from the body

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38
Q

and individual can develop more tolerance to certain drugs when

A

the cells of the liver produce more smooth ER

39
Q

many smooth ER in:

A

testes and ovaries

secrete hormones for male and female characteristics

40
Q

rough ER

A

has ribosomes attached to it

secrete proteins that have been modified and produce proteins for the cell membrane

41
Q

organ rich in rough ER that produces insulin (enzyme that reduces blood sugar levels)

A

pancreas

42
Q

rough ER (diagram)

A

produces secretory proteins that leave the ER in membrane vesicles that bud like bubbles from the region called the transitional ER

43
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

products of ER modified and stored here
series of flattened, membranous sacs(called cisternae)
opposite ends of Golgi differ in thickness and molecular composition

44
Q

cis face (Golgi)

A

receiving side

45
Q

trans face (Golgi)

A

exporting (shipping) side

46
Q

step 1 (Golgi)

A

vesicles move from ER to Golgi

47
Q

step 2 (Golgi)

A

vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae

48
Q

step 3 (Golgi)

A

cisternal maturation: Golgi cisternae move in a cis to trans direction

49
Q

step 4 (Golgi)

A

vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion)

50
Q

step 5 (Golgi)

A

vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer Golgi cisternae

51
Q

step 6 (Golgi)

A

vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER

52
Q

products of Golgi

hyalcronic acids

A

sticky substance that makes animal cells stick together

53
Q

products of Golgi

lipoproteins

A

attaches a lipid to a protein

54
Q

products of Golgi

glycoprotein

A

carbs attached to proteins

55
Q

lysosomes

A

hydrologic enzymes that are used to digest all classes of macromolecules

will fuse with a food vacuole and digest it’s contents

can digest old or worn out organelles

56
Q

autodigestion

A

when lysosomes opens up and digests entire cell (happens when cell is old or damaged

57
Q

vacuoles

A

rare (not many) in human cells

58
Q

food vacuole

A

in Protista

formed by phagocytosis (digested by lysosomes)

59
Q

contractile vacuole

A

pump excess water out of cell (in protista

60
Q

central vacuole

A

in plant cells

enveloped by tonoplast

filled with cell sap

61
Q

tonoplast

A

membrane in central vacuole

62
Q

cell sap

A

mostly water

also includes stored food, salt, waste, and poisons

63
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration

64
Q

cellular respiration

A

catabolic process that produces ATP

65
Q

ATP

A

adenosine tri-phosphate

66
Q

cristae (folds in mitochondria)

A

increase in surface area for ATP production

67
Q

cells rich in mitochondria

A

muscle cells

68
Q

chloroplasts (plastid)

A

contains chlorophyll

membranes that allow for photosynthesis

plants and some protists contain them

69
Q

amyloplast (plastid)

A

organelles that store amylopectin

70
Q

amylopectin

A

most common form of starch in plants

71
Q

chromoplast

A

contains all of the plant pigments other than chlorophyll

xanthophyll, anthocyanin, carotene

72
Q

xanthophyll

A

yellow chromoplast found in bananas

73
Q

anthocyanin

A

red chromoplast found in beets

74
Q

carotene

A

yellow/orange chromoplast found in carrots

75
Q

peroxisome

A

contains catalase (enzyme) to break down H202 (hydrogen peroxide)

76
Q

organ high in peroxisome (and therefore rich in catalase)

A

liver

77
Q

equation for peroxisome

A

H202 (metabolic waste) + catalase=

H20 + 02

78
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cells skeleton

network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

79
Q

microtubules (in cytoskeleton)

A

thickest and most rigid of the fibers

made of tubulin protein

help cell maintain shape and anchor the organelles (bones)

80
Q

intermediate fibers (in cytoskeleton)

A

medium sized fibers

proteins from the keratin family

main part of nuclear lamina

also help cell maintain it’s shape

81
Q

microfilaments (in cytoskeleton)

A

thinnest and smallest fibers

made of actin protein

cause movement in cell

cyclists and cytoplasmic streaming

82
Q

centrosome

A

region located near nucleus where the ends of the microtubules are located

83
Q

centrioles

A

9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

appear just before cell Dickson and used during cell division

84
Q

9 and 3 arrangement of microtubules

A

centrioles

85
Q

cilia and flagella

A

appendages used for movement

9 doublets of microtubules

86
Q

9 and 2 arrangement of microtubules

A

cilia and flagella

87
Q

cilia

A

hair like appendages

on amoebas

88
Q

flagella

A

tail like appendages

on sperm

89
Q

dynein protein in microtubules

A

changes it’s conformation and causes movement

powered by ATP

90
Q

motor proteins

A

stretch to receptors on organelles and “walk” the organelle along the microtubule

makin my way downtown

91
Q

plasmo desmada (plant cells)

cell junction

A

open channels in cell walls of plants through which strands of cytosol can pass to and from adjacent cells

92
Q

tight junction (animal cell$)

cell junction

A

continuous belts around cell membranes of neighboring cells that are fused forming a seal that prevents leakage

(found in human intestines)

93
Q

desmosomes (animal cells)

cell junction

A

function like rivets fastening cells together in strong epithelial sheets

94
Q

gap junctions (animal cells)

cell junction

A

connections that provide cytoplasmic channels between animal cells

rapid transportation of salts and sugars

95
Q

gap junctions (rapid transportation of salts and sugars)

A

muscle cells (especially of the heart) and allows for rapid ion flow)

AP Biology (3 decks)

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