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AP Biology > Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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0
Q

surface area:

A

cell membrane

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1
Q

limiting factor to cell size

A

surface area

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2
Q

volume:

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

cell membrane is selectively permeable- if the volume of the cell is to large:

A

the cell membrane cannot maintain the cytoplasm (cell will split into 2 smaller cells

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cork, named the cell (prison cells)

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5
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

all plants are made of cells

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6
Q

Theodore Schwann

A

all animals are made of cells

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7
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

cells come from preexisting cells

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8
Q

cell theory:

A

all living things are made of cells

new cells come from preexisting cells

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack a well defined nucleus and most membrane bound organelles

1-10 um

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10
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

well defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles

10-100 um

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11
Q

endosymbionic theory (definition)

A

describes how eukaryotes emerged from the prokaryotes

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12
Q

endosymbionic theory (process)

A

several prokaryotic cells engulfed each other and lived in a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship

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13
Q

symbiosis-mutualism

A

both benefit

termite and protist in intestine

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14
Q

symbiosis- commensalism

A

one benefit from another (one not affected)

sea anemone and clownfish

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15
Q

symbiosis- parasitism

A

one benefit, one harmed

tapeworm in humans

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16
Q

organelles

A

little organs

sub cellular structures that have a specific shape and function in the cells

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17
Q

nucleoplasm

A

all living material inside the nucleus

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

all living material from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

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19
Q

cytosol

A

semifluid medium in which the organelles are suspended

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

“cell membrane”

functions as a selective barrier that allows certain substances in and out of the cell

semi-permeable (selectively permeable)

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21
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell

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22
Q

other organelles that contain genes (besides nucleus)

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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23
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike membrane made of protein filaments on the inside of the nuclear envelope

helps nucleus maintain shape

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24
nuclear pores
small holes in the nuclear envelope that allow substances to enter and leave the nucleus
25
chromatin
genetic material made of DNA and histone protein granular form
26
chromosomes
made of chromatin thread-like structures made of DNA and histone protein
27
number of average chromosomes in humans
46
28
somatic cells
regular body cells
29
gametes
sex cells 23 chromosomes
30
nucleolus
small round structure found inside the nucleus components of the ribosomes are synthesized and assembled
31
ribosomes
organelles that produce (synthesize) proteins most numerous organelle in the cell
32
free ribosomes
found floating in cytosol used by cell itself
33
bound ribosomes
stretched to rough ER these proteins are usually exported from the cell or used in the cell membrane
34
endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranous tubules
35
internal compartments of ER
cisternae (cisternal region)
36
smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and alcohol (more smooth ER in liver cells of an alcoholic)
37
detoxification of alcohol
adding a hydroxyl group to drugs or alcohol making them more soluble and easier to flush from the body
38
and individual can develop more tolerance to certain drugs when
the cells of the liver produce more smooth ER
39
many smooth ER in:
testes and ovaries secrete hormones for male and female characteristics
40
rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it secrete proteins that have been modified and produce proteins for the cell membrane
41
organ rich in rough ER that produces insulin (enzyme that reduces blood sugar levels)
pancreas
42
rough ER (diagram)
produces secretory proteins that leave the ER in membrane vesicles that bud like bubbles from the region called the transitional ER
43
Golgi apparatus
products of ER modified and stored here series of flattened, membranous sacs(called cisternae) opposite ends of Golgi differ in thickness and molecular composition
44
cis face (Golgi)
receiving side
45
trans face (Golgi)
exporting (shipping) side
46
step 1 (Golgi)
vesicles move from ER to Golgi
47
step 2 (Golgi)
vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae
48
step 3 (Golgi)
cisternal maturation: Golgi cisternae move in a cis to trans direction
49
step 4 (Golgi)
vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion)
50
step 5 (Golgi)
vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer Golgi cisternae
51
step 6 (Golgi)
vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER
52
products of Golgi hyalcronic acids
sticky substance that makes animal cells stick together
53
products of Golgi lipoproteins
attaches a lipid to a protein
54
products of Golgi glycoprotein
carbs attached to proteins
55
lysosomes
hydrologic enzymes that are used to digest all classes of macromolecules will fuse with a food vacuole and digest it's contents can digest old or worn out organelles
56
autodigestion
when lysosomes opens up and digests entire cell (happens when cell is old or damaged
57
vacuoles
rare (not many) in human cells
58
food vacuole
in Protista formed by phagocytosis (digested by lysosomes)
59
contractile vacuole
pump excess water out of cell (in protista
60
central vacuole
in plant cells enveloped by tonoplast filled with cell sap
61
tonoplast
membrane in central vacuole
62
cell sap
mostly water also includes stored food, salt, waste, and poisons
63
mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration
64
cellular respiration
catabolic process that produces ATP
65
ATP
adenosine tri-phosphate
66
cristae (folds in mitochondria)
increase in surface area for ATP production
67
cells rich in mitochondria
muscle cells
68
chloroplasts (plastid)
contains chlorophyll membranes that allow for photosynthesis plants and some protists contain them
69
amyloplast (plastid)
organelles that store amylopectin
70
amylopectin
most common form of starch in plants
71
chromoplast
contains all of the plant pigments other than chlorophyll | xanthophyll, anthocyanin, carotene
72
xanthophyll
yellow chromoplast found in bananas
73
anthocyanin
red chromoplast found in beets
74
carotene
yellow/orange chromoplast found in carrots
75
peroxisome
contains catalase (enzyme) to break down H202 (hydrogen peroxide)
76
organ high in peroxisome (and therefore rich in catalase)
liver
77
equation for peroxisome
H202 (metabolic waste) + catalase= | H20 + 02
78
cytoskeleton
cells skeleton network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm
79
microtubules (in cytoskeleton)
thickest and most rigid of the fibers made of tubulin protein help cell maintain shape and anchor the organelles (bones)
80
intermediate fibers (in cytoskeleton)
medium sized fibers proteins from the keratin family main part of nuclear lamina also help cell maintain it's shape
81
microfilaments (in cytoskeleton)
thinnest and smallest fibers made of actin protein cause movement in cell cyclists and cytoplasmic streaming
82
centrosome
region located near nucleus where the ends of the microtubules are located
83
centrioles
9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring appear just before cell Dickson and used during cell division
84
9 and 3 arrangement of microtubules
centrioles
85
cilia and flagella
appendages used for movement 9 doublets of microtubules
86
9 and 2 arrangement of microtubules
cilia and flagella
87
cilia
hair like appendages on amoebas
88
flagella
tail like appendages on sperm
89
dynein protein in microtubules
changes it's conformation and causes movement powered by ATP
90
motor proteins
stretch to receptors on organelles and "walk" the organelle along the microtubule makin my way downtown
91
plasmo desmada (plant cells) cell junction
open channels in cell walls of plants through which strands of cytosol can pass to and from adjacent cells
92
tight junction (animal cell$) cell junction
continuous belts around cell membranes of neighboring cells that are fused forming a seal that prevents leakage (found in human intestines)
93
desmosomes (animal cells) cell junction
function like rivets fastening cells together in strong epithelial sheets
94
gap junctions (animal cells) cell junction
connections that provide cytoplasmic channels between animal cells rapid transportation of salts and sugars
95
gap junctions (rapid transportation of salts and sugars)
muscle cells (especially of the heart) and allows for rapid ion flow)

AP Biology (3 decks)

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